Classroom Behavior Essay Classroom Behavior Essay This essay was written by me as a punishment for my entire science class. Even though I had no part in the whole thing, I still had to do a one-page essay. Classroom behavior. It is possibly one of the most important things on the face of the Earth. Without it, our world would be a scary and dreaded place to be. Thankfully, there are a few who manage to learn the ways of the good. These pioneers experiment with the art of rule bending, just to see what it is like to be popular. ![]() None of us like it. Each day, a good kid always follows his and/or her teachers rules so they can learn useful (sometimes not) things to use in the real world. They also do this becuase they realize the importance of an education, unlike the normal (popular) kids, who don't seem to grasp the concept of 'education = moola, Benjimans, dough, money.' And why do I say this? It is elementry my dear Watson, it is because normal kids always seem to act out of line in some way or form, ignoring the most important thing in their life. Classroom behavior also carries the responsibility of making sure that all work is completed. No one wants a bad grade to show to the colleges. But the most important thing is that a part of classrom behavior is being quiet and following the laws of the land. If people would just simply sit there and keep their traps shut, everything would be fine. No arguments would happen, no outbursts would happen, no phine calls home, and best of all: I get my education! I can understand a few jokes here and there. But some people just do not get it! Manners are also a part of this. Holding the door open for ladies and always showing repect to your elders helps, too. But with the way beleifs are now in this world, manners are not needed to gain power in the real world. Therefore, some families throw them out the window. Perhaps some new limits would be more effective in the war on bad behavior. Such as being stricter. Not allowing any suspicions to go unnoticed. All assumptions are immediately dealt with minimum discipline. The more rambuntious kids are watched more carefully, and they are punished with one strike. None of this three strikes stuff. And for bribes [i.e. Stickers (if your good, you get a sticker, save them up to buy stuff)] perhaps, bigger and better rewards could be used. Like lessening the amount needed to buy a homework pass. And maybe even have a deadline to use all stickers so some don't save up and still are reckless and be a nuisance. I believe however, that all these normal kids need is a good ol' fashion whippin'. Just like in the old days, where teachers were school masters and a p.o.' Ed teacher meant TROUBLE! In conclusion, the human mind seems to push away all ideas that lead to boring situations. The normal mind always wants to have a fun time. With very few things on their mind (i.e. Sex), those normal kids are basically programmed for fun times (i.e. Perhaps if it was explained thouroughly to all or maybe even genetically altering a babies genes so that it will always be good when it grows up, the code of the good would become engraved in their heads and peace will reign among the human race. These are only ideas for the future, though imagintive ones at that. My friend sat next to me while I typed this up. He told me when I started to fall asleep. I give credit to him. Visit his site he says.. If inspectors want to know how good a school is they should go and work. What is Good Behaviour? 1st January I spent the first day of the New Year in bed.
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(Keep in mind that I’ve never been much of a dater in the traditional sense of meeting guys in bars, or other casual pickup-type situations, so I haven’t developed the thick skin that most people my age who have been “on the market” have probably developed. Also, I’ve spent much of my adult life in various long-term relationships of varying degrees of suitability, or lack thereof, so I haven’t had a lot of dating practice per se.) There is no way in hell I would ever want to date something like 15 guys at once, so I will have to do some phone/e-mail screening. I placed an ad once before about three years ago, and against my first instincts, agreed to go out for coffee with a guy who by the specifics he mentioned in his voice mail response should have been fairly interesting, but when we talked, my gut told me he would be boring as hell, if not creepy. I’m too willing to give people the benefit of the doubt sometimes, though, so I did go out with him once, and he turned out to be the most excruciatingly boring person I have ever spent 90 minutes with. After that, I really promised myself to trust my first impressions better this time. However, I still believe that people, even if they are complete strangers and extremely boring, or even borderline creepy, deserve to be treated with respect. So if I call these guys, and they sound perfectly decent but just don’t do anything for me on the phone, how can I politely tell them thanks, but I’m not interested in meeting in person? Quote: Originally posted by MachV What's wrong with 'Thanks, but I'm just not interested in meeting you in person'? If they're going to sign up, they need to be prepared for a little rejection. I concur, with the minor addendum that the more effort and creativity and individuality this person put into any responses they sent you, the more effort I think you should put into letting them down gently, etc. If a guy saw your ad, thought 'eh, seems like there might be something there', and there isn't, no biggy. If he saw it, became hugely infatuated and spent three hours crafting a super-personalized letter/email, then the least you can do is spend 20 minutes responding, even if it's with a turndown. Eva Luna, after I read your line about it being in the Reader, I was hoping like hell you were the Jewish woman looking for 'long walks, quiet dinners, coitus' or something to that effect. (I keep telling my Jewish boyfriend he needs to find a nice Jewish girl to settle down with, and peruse the personals in hopes of finding one for him) But that ad's gone, sadly, so it can't be yours. Man, that coitus thing cracked me the hell up. Re: your dilemma, I find it MUCH easier to blow people off via e-mail. Cold hearted as it may be, if I don't have to hear their voice or look at them, I don't have to see their disappointment, minor as it may be. Last month, I wrote a post listing the twenty-five things men need to understand about women. Chicks totally. So when we come home from a night out and you ask us how their kids are, their jobs, why they broke up with their girlfriend, we most likely won't know, because we didn't talk about it. Feb 11, 2016. The first stage of dating someone can be exciting, invigorating, and intoxicating—but it can also be perilous if you're not careful. Financial irresponsibility: They blow off their bills, they pay for everything with one of their dozens of credit cards, they expect you to pay for everything (or ask you to pay for. Astro., 05:47 AM. You're actually asking why he's 'blowing you off' after that utterly innocuous series of texts that in no way, shape, or form points to you being able to jump to that conclusion. You will make some man a fine crazy girlfriend one day. ![]() So my advice would be to do as much screening, at least initially, by email. At least, that's what I did during my Reader dating foray. At the end of the phone conversation, say 'I've gotta run -- it was nice talking to you.' If they ask about seeing you, say 'I'm pretty busy right now, let me check my schedule and send you email.' Then, don't email them. (If they don't ask, don't bring it up.) They'll get the message. It's the standard blow-off, and is probably the least hurtful on average, IMO. Some people prefer more honesty, some less, so you'll never please everyone. Or, if you prefer, you can email them and tell them that you enjoyed talking to them, but didn't feel you two were a good match. Thanks, good luck, blah blah blah. I think no email is kinder than a rejection email, no matter how nicely phrased (as one can always cling to the illusion that you are actually just too busy), but that's just a personal opinion. Could you just be honest and say you didn't feel like you really hit it off? If it's at the email stage, you could just not respond, and he should get the message, but if you want to do the phone call thing, I guess you would need to say something. The only suggestion I have is to avoid continuing contact with someone simply out of fear of being rude. In other words, don't call or go out with someone just because you are trying to be 'polite'. It's much better to let him know right off the bat if you're not interested. Quote: Originally posted by Giraffe I think no email is kinder than a rejection email I could not disagree more vehemently. A rejection email is sad, but it happens. Grownups can handle it. But no email at all is AGONY. It's so horribly frustrating to put a lot of effort into writing a charming and flirtatious email to someone who you think might really be a match for you, and you start out feeling so excited and hopeful and then the hours pass and every time your email icon pops up you're all excited but it's just spam and the hours turn to days and eventually you give up but there is never any damn resolution. There should be a law that rejections must always be instant, honest, clear and polite. I would never stand a guy up without a really good reason, like being in the hospital or something; I believe in keeping my promises, so uif I don't plan to do something, I just don't commit to do it in the first place. I'm just hoping for a way to turn down a date while a) being respectful and polite; b) telling the truth; and c) hopefully letting the guy down as gently as possible. Of course, maybe I'm being overly optimistic; maybe none of them will want to date me, anyway! (Although so far I'm one for one, and have my first date in several months set for Friday night. Wish me luck; he sounds really nice!). Quote: Originally posted by handy [B/) Lots of guys won't come back for a second date after they get sex. So, 'how to blow off a guy' has more than one meaning. [/B] So basically, you're saying that if I don't want to go on a second date, all I have to do is sleep with the guy and there's a darn good chance he'll go away on his own? Talk about letting 'em down gently! And on a related topic, is there any impolite way (other than injudicious use of teeth) to 'blow off' a guy? (I normally hate smilies, but I can't think of any other way to make sure I'm not misinterpreted this time.). To me, there is a major difference between online dating and 'regular' dating. Online dating is a huge pool of people, none of whom know each other at all, with about (I'm guessing) around twenty guys for every woman. No guy should expect to be seriously considered by every woman he emails -- she simply gets too many emails to read them all carefully. You're the dating equivalent of a telemarketer -- if your pitch is good, they may not hang up. If they hang up, call the next one. I'd rather assume that I simply didn't catch someone's eye than receive an email explaining that I was carefully considered and found lacking. I wouldn't mind getting such an email -- they don't really know me, but really I'd rather just get emails from people who are interested in me. Some standard blow-off letter doesn't make me feel any better. In real life dating, if I emailed a coworker or friend of a friend, I think it would be rude to not respond. There, you're not just shooting in the dark, you know the person and are emailing them specifically. It's just a more personal interaction, in my opinion. If it helps, I'm a guy, and have never myself blown anyone off. Two reasons: no one asked me out when I was single. 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The fossils were discovered 30 years ago, but scientists recently conducted a new analysis of several of the skulls using techniques that became available only in recent years — and discovered that the remains were about 100,000 years younger than previously thought. And in a, paleontologists said that these ancient humans shared some key characteristics with Neanderthals — particularly their strong and prominent jaws and teeth — and that they also shared other characteristics with more primitive humans. The findings lend credence to the theory that the ancient Neanderthal species evolved gradually and that multiple species and subspecies of Neanderthals may have co-existed. “It is now clear that the full suite of Neanderthal characteristics did not evolve at the same pace,” paleontologist Juan-Luis Arsuaga, a professor at Complutense University in Madrid and lead author of the paper, told reporters on Thursday. He compared this theory of Neanderthal evolution with a premise of the HBO show “Game of Thrones,” with multiple co-existing “kingdoms” of Neanderthals battling it out and replacing other species or subspecies multiple times, rather than just one group of Neanderthals that eventually lost out to modern-day humans. “Hominin evolution was not a peaceful and boring process of very slow change throughout time and across an immense land,” he told reporters. During various periods, when thick layers of ice spread over parts of Eurasia, the different subspecies had to decide whether to migrate south or go extinct, he explained. “In those times, as in the popular saga, winter was coming. And winter came many times,” he said. While the scientists said they need to examine more fossils from other sites before they can speculate further, “given the present state of knowledge, we think that the ‘Game of Thrones’ scenario probably describes hominin evolution in Eurasia and Africa in the Middle Pleistocene period,” Arsuaga said. The Middle Pleistocene runs from 780,000 to 130,000 years ago, during which scientists believe that a group of people split off from others living in Africa and East Asia and settled in Eurasia, evolving into the Neanderthal lineage of humans. This discovery shows that Neanderthals may have first developed the facial and teeth characteristics related to chewing, later developing the prominent skull and larger brains that typify younger Neanderthal fossils — characteristics lacking in the Sima de los Huesos bones. “It seems these modifications had to do with an intensive use of the frontal teeth,” Arsuaga said. “The incisors show a great wear, as if they had been used as a third hand — typical of Neanderthals.” Neanderthals are believed to have co-existed with modern humans that later migrated to Eurasia and likely interbred. But reproductive incompatibility between the two species — — may have caused them to die out. 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Com- paraison, ou autre chose notable tiree d'aucunes d'icelles oeuvres, le lieu, forme, nom, & datte, ou, comment, & de qui elles ont este mises en lumiere. • • • Adolf Hitler ( German: ( ); 20 April 1889 – 30 April 1945) was a German politician who was the leader of the ( Nationalsozialistische Deutsche Arbeiterpartei; NSDAP), from 1933 to 1945 and ('Leader') of from 1934 to 1945. As, Hitler initiated with the in September 1939, and was central to. Hitler was born in Austria—then part of —and was raised near. He moved to Germany in 1913 and was decorated during his in. In 1919, he joined the (DAP), the precursor of the NSDAP, and was appointed leader of the NSDAP in 1921. In 1923, he attempted to seize power in and was imprisoned. While in jail he dictated the first volume of his autobiography and political manifesto ('My Struggle'). Released in 1924, Hitler gained popular support by attacking the and promoting, and with oratory and. He frequently denounced international capitalism and communism as being part of a. By 1933, the Nazi Party was the largest elected party in the German and led to Hitler's appointment as Chancellor on 30 January 1933. Following won by his coalition, the Reichstag passed the, which began the process of transforming the into Nazi Germany, a dictatorship based on the and ideology of. He aimed to eliminate Jews from Germany and establish a to counter what he saw as the injustice of the post-World War I international order dominated by Britain and France. His first six years in power resulted in rapid economic recovery from the, the abrogation of restrictions imposed on Germany after World War I and the annexation of territories that were home to millions of which gave him significant popular support. Hitler sought ('living space') for the German people in Eastern Europe and his aggressive foreign policy is considered to be the primary cause of the outbreak of World War II in Europe. He directed large-scale rearmament and on 1 September 1939 invaded Poland that resulted in Britain and France. In June 1941, Hitler ordered an. By the end of 1941, German forces and the European occupied most of Europe and. In December 1941, he formally declared war on the United States, bringing them directly into the conflict. Failure to defeat the Soviets and the entry of the United States into the war forced Germany onto the defensive and it suffered a series of escalating defeats. In the final days of the war during the in 1945, he married his long-time lover. Less than two days later on 30 April 1945, the two to avoid capture by the Soviet and their corpses were burned. Under Hitler's leadership and, the Nazi regime was responsible for the of whom he and his followers deemed (sub-humans) or socially undesirable. Hitler and the Nazi regime were also responsible for the killing of an estimated 19.3 million civilians and prisoners of war. In addition, 29 million soldiers and civilians died as a result of military action in the. The number of civilians killed during the Second World War was unprecedented in warfare and the casualties constituted the. Adolf Hitler as an infant (c. 1889–90) Adolf Hitler was born on 20 April 1889 in, a town in (in present-day Austria), close to the border with the. He was as 'Adolphus Hitler'. He was the fourth of six children born to and his third wife,. Three of Hitler's siblings—Gustav, Ida, and Otto—died in infancy. Also living in the household were Alois's children from his second marriage: Alois Jr. (born 1882) and (born 1883). When Hitler was three, the family moved to, Germany. There he acquired the distinctive, rather than, which marked his speech throughout his life. The family returned to Austria and settled in in 1894, and in June 1895 Alois retired to Hafeld, near, where he farmed and kept bees. Hitler attended (a state-owned school) in nearby. The move to Hafeld coincided with the onset of intense father-son conflicts caused by Hitler's refusal to conform to the strict discipline of his school. Alois Hitler's farming efforts at Hafeld ended in failure, and in 1897 the family moved to Lambach. The eight-year-old Hitler took singing lessons, sang in the church choir, and even considered becoming a priest. In 1898 the family returned permanently to Leonding. Hitler was deeply affected by the death of his younger brother, who died in 1900 from. Hitler changed from a confident, outgoing, conscientious student to a morose, detached boy who constantly fought with his father and teachers. Alois had made a successful career in the customs bureau, and wanted his son to follow in his footsteps. Hitler later dramatised an episode from this period when his father took him to visit a customs office, depicting it as an event that gave rise to an unforgiving antagonism between father and son, who were both strong-willed. Ignoring his son's desire to attend a classical high school and become an artist, Alois sent Hitler to the in Linz in September 1900. Hitler rebelled against this decision, and in states that he intentionally did poorly in school, hoping that once his father saw 'what little progress I was making at the technical school he would let me devote myself to my dream'. Like many Austrian Germans, Hitler began to develop ideas from a young age. He expressed loyalty only to Germany, despising the declining and its rule over an ethnically variegated empire. Hitler and his friends used the greeting 'Heil', and sang the ' instead of the. After Alois's sudden death on 3 January 1903, Hitler's performance at school deteriorated and his mother allowed him to leave. He enrolled at the Realschule in in September 1904, where his behaviour and performance improved. In 1905, after passing a repeat of the final exam, Hitler left the school without any ambitions for further education or clear plans for a career. Early adulthood in Vienna and Munich. The house in in Austria where Hitler spent his early adolescence (photo taken in July 2012) In 1907 Hitler left Linz to live and study fine art in, financed by orphan's benefits and support from his mother. He applied for admission to the but was rejected twice.. The director explained his drawings showed 'unfitness for painting' and suggested Hitler was better suited to studying architecture. Though this was an interest of his, he lacked the academic credentials as he had not finished secondary school. On 21 December 1907, his mother died of at the age of 47. In 1909 Hitler ran out of money and was forced to live a life in homeless shelters and a men's hostel. He earned money as a casual labourer and by painting and selling watercolours of Vienna's sights. Watercolour by Adolf Hitler, 1914 During his time in Vienna he pursued a growing passion for two interests, architecture and music, attending ten performances of, his favorite opera. It was here that Hitler first became exposed to rhetoric. Such as mayor exploited the climate of virulent and occasionally espoused German nationalist notions for political effect. German nationalism had a particularly widespread following in the district, where Hitler lived. Became a major influence on Hitler. He also developed an admiration for. Hitler read local newspapers such as Deutsches Volksblatt that fanned prejudice and played on Christian fears of being swamped by an influx of Eastern European Jews. He read newspapers and pamphlets that published the thoughts of philosophers and theoreticians such as,,, and. The origin and development of Hitler's anti-Semitism remains a matter of debate. His friend,, claimed that Hitler was a 'confirmed anti-Semite' before he left Linz. However, historian Brigitte Hamann describes Kubizek's claim as 'problematical'. While Hitler states in Mein Kampf that he first became an anti-Semite in Vienna,, who helped him sell his paintings, disagrees. Hitler had dealings with Jews while living in Vienna. Historian states that 'historians now generally agree that his notorious, murderous anti-Semitism emerged well after Germany's defeat [in World War I], as a product of the paranoid for the catastrophe'. Hitler received the final part of his father's estate in May 1913 and moved to, Germany. Hitler was called up for conscription into the, so he journeyed to on 5 February 1914 for medical assessment. After he was deemed by the medical examiners as unfit for service, he returned to Munich. Hitler later claimed that he did not wish to serve the because of the mixture of races in its army and his belief that the collapse of Austria-Hungary was imminent. Hitler ( far right, seated) with his army comrades of the Bavarian Reserve Infantry Regiment 16 (c. 1914–18) In August 1914, at the outbreak of, Hitler was living in Munich and voluntarily enlisted in the. According to a 1924 report by the Bavarian authorities, allowing Hitler to serve was almost certainly an administrative error, since as an Austrian citizen, he should have been returned to Austria. Posted to the (1st Company of the List Regiment), he served as a dispatch on the in France and Belgium, spending nearly half his time at the regimental headquarters in, well behind the front lines. He was present at the, the, the, and the, and was wounded at the Somme. He was decorated for bravery, receiving the, Second Class, in 1914. On a recommendation by Lieutenant, Hitler's Jewish superior, he received the Iron Cross, First Class on 4 August 1918, a decoration rarely awarded to one of Hitler's rank. He received the on 18 May 1918. Of (1926–28 edition) Hitler fled to the home of and by some accounts contemplated suicide. He was depressed but calm when arrested on 11 November 1923 for. His trial before the special in Munich began in February 1924, and became temporary leader of the NSDAP. On 1 April, Hitler was sentenced to five years' imprisonment. There, he received friendly treatment from the guards, and was allowed mail from supporters and regular visits by party comrades. Pardoned by the Bavarian Supreme Court, he was released from jail on 20 December 1924, against the state prosecutor's objections. Including time on remand, Hitler served just over one year in prison. While at Landsberg, Hitler dictated most of the first volume of Mein Kampf ( My Struggle; originally entitled Four and a Half Years of Struggle against Lies, Stupidity, and Cowardice) to his deputy, Rudolf Hess. The book, dedicated to Thule Society member Dietrich Eckart, was an autobiography and exposition of his ideology. The book laid out Hitler's plans for transforming German society into one based on race. Some passages imply. Published in two volumes in 1925 and 1926, it sold 228,000 copies between 1925 and 1932. One million copies were sold in 1933, Hitler's first year in office. Shortly before Hitler was eligible for parole, the Bavarian government attempted to have him deported back to Austria. The Austrian federal chancellor rejected the request on the specious grounds that his service in the German Army made his Austrian citizenship void. In response, Hitler formally renounced his Austrian citizenship on 7 April 1925. Rebuilding the NSDAP At the time of Hitler's release from prison, politics in Germany had become less combative and the economy had improved, limiting Hitler's opportunities for political agitation. As a result of the failed Beer Hall Putsch, the NSDAP and its affiliated organisations were banned in Bavaria. In a meeting with the Prime Minister of Bavaria on 4 January 1925, Hitler agreed to respect the state's authority and promised that he would seek political power only through the democratic process. The meeting paved the way for the ban on the NSDAP to be lifted on 16 February. However, after an inflammatory speech he gave on 27 February, Hitler was barred from public speaking by the Bavarian authorities, a ban that remained in place until 1927. To advance his political ambitions in spite of the ban, Hitler appointed, and to organise and grow the NSDAP in northern Germany. Gregor Strasser steered a more independent political course, emphasising the socialist elements of the party's programme. The stock market in the United States. The impact in Germany was dire: millions were thrown out of work and several major banks collapsed. Hitler and the NSDAP prepared to take advantage of the emergency to gain support for their party. They promised to repudiate the Versailles Treaty, strengthen the economy and provide jobs. Rise to power. — Adolf Hitler to a British correspondent in Berlin, June 1934 Having achieved full control over the legislative and executive branches of government, Hitler and his allies began to suppress the remaining opposition. The Social Democratic Party was banned and its assets seized. While many trade union delegates were in Berlin for May Day activities, SA stormtroopers demolished union offices around the country. On 2 May 1933 all trade unions were forced to dissolve and their leaders were arrested. Some were sent to. The was formed as an umbrella organisation to represent all workers, administrators, and company owners, thus reflecting the concept of national socialism in the spirit of Hitler's ('people's community'). In 1934, Hitler became Germany's head of state with the title of (leader and chancellor of the Reich). By the end of June, the other parties had been intimidated into disbanding. This included the Nazis' nominal coalition partner, the DNVP; with the SA's help, Hitler forced its leader, Hugenberg, to resign on 29 June. On 14 July 1933, the NSDAP was declared the only legal political party in Germany. The demands of the SA for more political and military power caused anxiety among military, industrial, and political leaders. In response, Hitler purged the entire SA leadership in the, which took place from 30 June to 2 July 1934. Hitler targeted and other SA leaders who, along with a number of Hitler's political adversaries (such as Gregor Strasser and former chancellor ), were rounded up, arrested, and shot. While the international community and some Germans were shocked by the murders, many in Germany believed Hitler was restoring order. On 2 August 1934, Hindenburg died. The previous day, the cabinet had enacted the 'Law Concerning the Highest State Office of the Reich'. This law stated that upon Hindenburg's death, the office of president would be abolished and its powers merged with those of the chancellor. Hitler thus became head of state as well as head of government, and was formally named as (leader and chancellor). With this action, Hitler eliminated the last legal remedy by which he could be removed from office. As head of state, Hitler became supreme commander of the armed forces. Immediately after Hindenberg's death, at the instigation of the leadership of the Reichswehr, the traditional loyalty oath of soldiers was altered to, rather than to the office of supreme commander or the state. On 19 August, the merger of the presidency with the chancellorship was approved by 88 per cent of the electorate voting in a. In early 1938, Hitler used blackmail to consolidate his hold over the military by instigating the. Hitler forced his War Minister, Field Marshal, to resign by using a police dossier that showed that Blomberg's new wife had a record for prostitution. Army commander Colonel-General was removed after the (SS) produced allegations that he had engaged in a homosexual relationship. Both men had fallen into disfavour because they objected to Hitler's demand to make the ready for war as early as 1938. Hitler assumed Blomberg's title of Commander-in-Chief, thus taking personal command of the armed forces. He replaced the Ministry of War with the (Armed Forces High Command: OKW), headed by General. On the same day, sixteen generals were stripped of their commands and 44 more were transferred; all were suspected of not being sufficiently pro-Nazi. By early February 1938, twelve more generals had been removed. Hitler took care to give his dictatorship the appearance of legality. Many of his decrees were explicitly based on the Reichstag Fire Decree and hence on Article 48 of the Weimar Constitution. The Reichstag renewed the Enabling Act twice, each time for a four-year period. While elections to the Reichstag were still held (in 1933, 1936, and 1938), voters were presented with a single list of Nazis and pro-Nazi 'guests' which carried with well over 90 percent of the vote. These elections were held in far-from-secret conditions; the Nazis threatened severe reprisals against anyone who didn't vote or dared to vote no. Nazi Germany. Ceremony honouring the dead (Totenehrung) on the terrace in front of the Hall of Honour (Ehrenhalle) at the,, September 1934 In August 1934, Hitler appointed Reichsbank President as Minister of Economics, and in the following year, as Plenipotentiary for War Economy in charge of preparing the economy for war. Reconstruction and rearmament were financed through, printing money, and seizing the assets of people arrested as enemies of the State, including Jews. Unemployment fell from six million in 1932 to one million in 1936. Hitler oversaw one of the largest infrastructure improvement campaigns in German history, leading to the construction of dams,, railroads, and other civil works. Wages were slightly lower in the mid to late 1930s compared with wages during the Weimar Republic, while the cost of living increased by 25 per cent. The average work week increased during the shift to a war economy; by 1939, the average German was working between 47 and 50 hours a week. Hitler's government sponsored on an immense scale., instrumental in implementing Hitler's classicist reinterpretation of German culture, was placed in charge of the. Despite a threatened, Germany hosted the 1936. Hitler officiated at the opening ceremonies and attended events at both the in and the in Berlin. Rearmament and new alliances. Hitler and the Japanese foreign minister,, at a meeting in Berlin in March 1941. In the background is. In February 1938, on the advice of his newly appointed foreign minister, the strongly pro-Japanese, Hitler ended the with the to instead enter into an alliance with the more modern and powerful. Hitler announced German recognition of, the Japanese-occupied state in, and renounced German claims to their former colonies in the Pacific held by Japan. Hitler ordered an end to arms shipments to China and recalled all German officers working with the Chinese Army. In retaliation, Chinese General cancelled all Sino-German economic agreements, depriving the Germans of many Chinese raw materials. Austria and Czechoslovakia On 12 March 1938, Hitler announced the unification of Austria with in the. Hitler then turned his attention to the population of the region of Czechoslovakia. On 28–29 March 1938, Hitler held a series of secret meetings in Berlin with of the, the largest of the ethnic German parties of the Sudetenland. The men agreed that Henlein would demand increased autonomy for from the Czechoslovakian government, thus providing a pretext for German military action against Czechoslovakia. In April 1938 Henlein told the of that 'whatever the Czech government might offer, he would always raise still higher demands. He wanted to sabotage an understanding by any means because this was the only method to blow up Czechoslovakia quickly'. In private, Hitler considered the Sudeten issue unimportant; his real intention was a war of conquest against Czechoslovakia. See also: In private discussions in 1939, Hitler declared Britain the main enemy to be defeated and that Poland's obliteration was a necessary prelude for that goal. The eastern flank would be secured and land would be added to Germany's Lebensraum. Offended by the British 'guarantee' on 31 March 1939 of Polish independence, he said, 'I shall brew them a devil's drink'. In a speech in for the launch of the battleship on 1 April, he threatened to denounce the if the British continued to guarantee Polish independence, which he perceived as an 'encirclement' policy. Poland was to either become a German satellite state or it would be neutralised in order to secure the Reich's eastern flank and prevent a possible British blockade. Hitler initially favoured the idea of a satellite state, but upon its rejection by the Polish government, he decided to invade and made this the main foreign policy goal of 1939. On 3 April, Hitler ordered the military to prepare for ('Case White'), the plan for invading Poland on 25 August. In a Reichstag speech on 28 April, he renounced both the Anglo-German Naval Agreement and the. Historians such as William Carr,, and have argued that one reason for Hitler's rush to war was his fear of an early death. He had repeatedly claimed that he must lead Germany into war before he got too old, as his successors might lack his strength of will. Hitler portrayed on a 42 stamp from 1944. The term Grossdeutsches Reich (Greater German Reich) was first used in 1943 for the expanded Germany under his rule. Hitler was concerned that a military attack against Poland could result in a premature war with Britain. Hitler's foreign minister and former Ambassador to London, Joachim von Ribbentrop, assured him that neither Britain nor France would honour their commitments to Poland. Accordingly, on 22 August 1939 Hitler ordered a military mobilisation against Poland. This plan required tacit Soviet support, and the (the ) between Germany and the Soviet Union, led by, included a secret agreement to partition Poland between the two countries. Contrary to Ribbentrop's prediction that Britain would sever Anglo-Polish ties, Britain and Poland signed the Anglo-Polish alliance on 25 August 1939. This, along with news from Italy that Mussolini would not honour the, prompted Hitler to postpone the attack on Poland from 25 August to 1 September. Hitler unsuccessfully tried to manoeuvre the British into neutrality by offering them a non-aggression guarantee on 25 August; he then instructed Ribbentrop to present a last-minute peace plan with an impossibly short time limit in an effort to blame the imminent war on British and Polish inaction. On 1 September 1939, Germany under the pretext of having been denied claims to the and the right to extraterritorial roads across the, which Germany had ceded under the Versailles Treaty. In response, on Germany on 3 September, surprising Hitler and prompting him to angrily ask Ribbentrop, 'Now what?' France and Britain did not act on their declarations immediately, and on 17 September, Soviet forces invaded eastern Poland. Hitler visits Paris with architect (left) and sculptor (right), 23 June 1940 On 9 April, German forces. On the same day Hitler proclaimed the birth of the, his vision of a united empire of Germanic nations of Europe in which the Dutch, Flemish, and Scandinavians were joined into a 'racially pure' polity under German leadership. In May 1940, Germany, and conquered, the, and. These victories prompted Mussolini to have Italy join forces with Hitler on 10 June. France and Germany signed an on 22 June. Kershaw notes that Hitler's popularity within Germany – and German support for the war – reached its peak when he returned to Berlin on 6 July from his tour of Paris. Following the unexpected swift victory, Hitler promoted twelve generals to the rank of during the. Boundaries of the Nazi planned Britain, whose troops were forced to evacuate France by sea from, continued to fight alongside in the. Hitler made peace overtures to the new British leader,, and upon their rejection he ordered a series of aerial attacks on airbases and radar stations in south-east England. On 7 September the systematic nightly bombing of London began. The German Luftwaffe failed to defeat the Royal Air Force in what became known as the. By the end of September, Hitler realised that air superiority for the invasion of Britain (in ) could not be achieved, and ordered the operation postponed. The on British cities intensified and continued for months, including London,, and. On 27 September 1940, the was signed in Berlin by of, Hitler, and Italian foreign minister Ciano, and later expanded to include Hungary, Romania, and, thus yielding the. Hitler's attempt to integrate the Soviet Union into the anti-British bloc failed after inconclusive talks between Hitler and in Berlin in November, and he ordered preparations for the invasion of the Soviet Union. In early 1941, German forces were deployed to North Africa, the, and the Middle East. In February, to bolster the Italian presence. In April, Hitler launched the, quickly followed by the. In May, German forces were sent to support and to. Path to defeat On 22 June 1941, contravening the Hitler–Stalin Non-Aggression Pact of 1939, 4–5 million Axis troops attacked the Soviet Union. This offensive (codenamed ) was intended to destroy the Soviet Union and seize its natural resources for subsequent aggression against the Western powers. The invasion conquered a huge area, including the republics,, and West. By early August, Axis troops had advanced 500 km (310 mi) and won the. Hitler ordered to temporarily halt its advance to Moscow and divert its Panzer groups to aid in the encirclement of and. His generals disagreed with this change, having advanced within 400 km (250 mi) of Moscow, and his decision caused a crisis among the military leadership. The pause provided the Red Army with an opportunity to mobilise fresh reserves; historian Russel Stolfi considers it to be one of the major factors that caused the failure of the Moscow offensive, which was resumed in October 1941 and. During this crisis, Hitler appointed himself as head of the, at the same time limiting its authority to the eastern front. Hitler, to the Reichstag, on 11 December 1941 On 7 December 1941, Japan based at, Hawaii. Four days later, Hitler. On 18 December 1941, Himmler asked Hitler, 'What to do with the Jews of Russia?' , to which Hitler replied, ' als Partisanen auszurotten' ('exterminate them as partisans'). Israeli historian has commented that the remark is probably as close as historians will ever get to a definitive order from Hitler for the genocide carried out during the Holocaust. In late 1942, German forces were defeated in the, thwarting Hitler's plans to seize the and the Middle East. Overconfident in his own military expertise following the earlier victories in 1940, Hitler became distrustful of his Army High Command and began to interfere in military and tactical planning, with damaging consequences. In December 1942 and January 1943, Hitler's repeated refusal to allow their withdrawal at the led to the almost total destruction of the. Over 200,000 Axis soldiers were killed and 235,000 were taken prisoner. Thereafter came a decisive strategic defeat at the. Hitler's military judgement became increasingly erratic, and Germany's military and economic position deteriorated, as did Hitler's health. The destroyed map room at the after the Following the in 1943, by after a vote of no confidence of the. Marshal, placed in charge of the government, soon surrendered to the Allies. Throughout 1943 and 1944, the Soviet Union steadily forced Hitler's armies into retreat along the. On 6 June 1944, the Western Allied armies landed in northern France in one of the largest operations in history,. Many German officers concluded that defeat was inevitable and that continuing under Hitler's leadership would result in the. Between 1939 and 1945, there were many plans to, some of which proceeded to significant degrees. The most well known, the, came from within Germany and was at least partly driven by the increasing prospect of a German defeat in the war. In July 1944, in the, part of, planted a bomb in one of, the. Hitler narrowly survived because staff officer moved the briefcase containing the bomb behind a leg of the heavy conference table, which deflected much of the blast. Later, Hitler ordered savage reprisals resulting in the execution of more than 4,900 people. Defeat and death. A wagon piled high with corpses outside the crematorium in the liberated (April 1945) The Holocaust and Germany's war in the East were based on Hitler's long-standing view that the Jews were the enemy of the German people and that Lebensraum was needed for Germany's expansion. He focused on Eastern Europe for this expansion, aiming to defeat Poland and the Soviet Union and then removing or killing the Jews and. The (General Plan East) called for deporting the population of occupied Eastern Europe and the Soviet Union to West Siberia, for use as slave labour or to be murdered; the conquered territories were to be colonised by German or 'Germanised' settlers. The goal was to implement this plan after the conquest of the Soviet Union, but when this failed, Hitler moved the plans forward. By January 1942, he had decided that the Jews, Slavs, and other deportees considered undesirable should be killed. Hitler's order for, dated 1 September 1939 The genocide was organised and executed by and. The records of the, held on 20 January 1942 and led by Heydrich, with fifteen senior Nazi officials participating, provide the clearest evidence of systematic planning for the Holocaust. On 22 February, Hitler was recorded saying, 'we shall regain our health only by eliminating the Jews'. Similarly, at a meeting in July 1941 with leading functionaries of the Eastern territories, Hitler said that the easiest way to quickly pacify the areas would be best achieved by 'shooting everyone who even looks odd'. Although no direct order from Hitler authorising the mass killings has surfaced, his public speeches, orders to his generals, and the diaries of Nazi officials demonstrate that he conceived and authorised the extermination of European Jewry. During the war, Hitler repeatedly stated his prophecy of 1939 was being fulfilled, namely, that a world war would bring about the annihilation of the Jewish race. Hitler approved the —killing squads that followed the German army through Poland, the Baltic, and the Soviet Union —and was well informed about their activities. By summer 1942, was expanded to accommodate large numbers of deportees for killing. Scores of other concentration camps and satellite camps were set up throughout Europe, with several camps devoted exclusively to extermination. Between 1939 and 1945, the (SS), assisted by governments and recruits from occupied countries, was responsible for the deaths of at least eleven million people, including 5.5 to 6 million Jews (representing two-thirds of the Jewish population of Europe), and between 200,000 and 1,500,000. Deaths took place in concentration and extermination camps,, and through mass executions. Many victims of the Holocaust were to death, while others died of starvation or disease or while working as slave labourers. In addition to eliminating Jews, the Nazis planned to reduce the population of the conquered territories by 30 million people through starvation in an action called the. Food supplies would be diverted to the German army and German civilians. Cities would be razed and the land allowed to return to forest or resettled by German colonists. Together, the Hunger Plan and Generalplan Ost would have led to the starvation of 80 million people in the Soviet Union. These partially fulfilled plans resulted in the deaths of an estimated 19.3 million civilians and prisoners of war. Hitler's policies resulted in the killing of nearly two million non-Jewish, over three million, communists and other political opponents, homosexuals, the physically and mentally disabled,,, and trade unionists. Hitler did not speak publicly about the killings, and seems never to have visited the concentration camps. The Nazis embraced the concept of. On 15 September 1935, Hitler presented two laws—known as the —to the Reichstag. The laws banned sexual relations and marriages between Aryans and Jews and were later extended to include 'Gypsies, Negroes or their bastard offspring'. The laws stripped all non-Aryans of their German citizenship and forbade the employment of non-Jewish women under the age of 45 in Jewish households. Hitler's early policies targeted children with physical and developmental disabilities in a programme dubbed, and he later authorised a programme for adults with serious mental and physical disabilities, now referred to as. Leadership style. Hitler during a meeting at the headquarters of in June 1942 Hitler ruled the NSDAP by asserting the (leader principle). The principle relied on absolute obedience of all subordinates to their superiors; thus he viewed the government structure as a pyramid, with himself—the —at the apex. Rank in the party was not determined by elections—positions were filled through appointment by those of higher rank, who demanded unquestioning obedience to the will of the leader. Hitler's leadership style was to give contradictory orders to his subordinates and to place them into positions where their duties and responsibilities overlapped with those of others, to have 'the stronger one [do] the job'. In this way, Hitler fostered distrust, competition, and infighting among his subordinates to consolidate and maximise his own power. Never met after 1938, and he discouraged his ministers from meeting independently. Hitler typically did not give written orders; instead he communicated verbally, or had them conveyed through his close associate,. He entrusted Bormann with his paperwork, appointments, and personal finances; Bormann used his position to control the flow of information and access to Hitler. Hitler dominated his country's war effort during World War II to a greater extent than any other national leader. He strengthened his control of the armed forces in 1938, and subsequently made all major decisions regarding Germany's military strategy. His decision to mount a risky series of offensives against Norway, France, and the Low Countries in 1940 against the advice of the military proved successful, though the diplomatic and military strategies he employed in attempts to force the United Kingdom out of the war ended in failure. Hitler deepened his involvement in the war effort by appointing himself commander-in-chief of the Army in December 1941; from this point forward he personally directed the war against the Soviet Union, while his military commanders facing the Western Allies retained a degree of autonomy. Hitler's leadership became increasingly disconnected from reality as the war turned against Germany, with the military's defensive strategies often hindered by his slow decision making and frequent directives to hold untenable positions. Nevertheless, he continued to believe that only his leadership could deliver victory. In the final months of the war Hitler refused to consider peace negotiations, regarding the complete destruction of Germany as preferable to surrender. The military did not challenge Hitler's dominance of the war effort, and senior officers generally supported and enacted his decisions. For peace, freedom and democracy never again fascism millions of dead remind [us] Hitler's suicide was likened by contemporaries to a 'spell' being broken. Public support for Hitler had collapsed by the time of his death and few Germans mourned his passing; Kershaw argues that most civilians and military personnel were too busy adjusting to the collapse of the country or fleeing from the fighting to take any interest. According to historian, National Socialism 'burst like a bubble' without its leader. Hitler's actions and ideology are almost universally regarded as gravely immoral; according to Kershaw, 'Never in history has such ruination—physical and moral—been associated with the name of one man'. Hitler's political programme brought about a world war, leaving behind a devastated and impoverished Eastern and Central Europe. Germany itself suffered wholesale destruction, characterised as (Zero Hour). Hitler's policies inflicted human suffering on an unprecedented scale; according to, the Nazi regime was responsible for the killing of an estimated 19.3 million civilians and prisoners of war. In addition, 29 million soldiers and civilians died as a result of military action in the. The number of civilians killed during the Second World War was unprecedented in the history of warfare. Historians, philosophers, and politicians often use the word ' to describe the Nazi regime. Many European countries have both the promotion of Nazism and. Historian described Hitler as 'one of the great examples of the singular and incalculable power of personality in historical life'. English historian saw him as 'among the 'terrible simplifiers' of history, the most systematic, the most historical, the most philosophical, and yet the coarsest, cruelest, least magnanimous conqueror the world has ever known'. For the historian, Hitler's defeat marked the end of a phase of European history dominated by Germany. In its place emerged the, a global confrontation between the, dominated by the United States and other nations, and the, dominated by the Soviet Union. Historian avers that without Hitler and the displacement of the Jews, the modern nation state of would not exist. He contends that without Hitler, the de-colonisation of former European spheres of influence would have been postponed. Further, Haffner claims that other than, Hitler had a more significant impact than any other comparable historical figure, in that he too caused a wide range of worldwide changes in a relatively short time span. Views on religion. Main article: Hitler was born to a practising Catholic mother and an father; after leaving home Hitler never again attended or received the. Speer states that Hitler railed against the church to his political associates and though he never officially left it, he had no attachment to it. He adds that Hitler felt that in the absence of organized religion, people would turn to mysticism, which he considered regressive. According to Speer, Hitler believed that Japanese religious beliefs or would have been a more suitable religion for Germans than Christianity, with its 'meekness and flabbiness'. Historian states that Hitler was fundamentally opposed to the Christian churches. According to Bullock, Hitler did not believe in God, was anticlerical, and held Christian ethics in contempt because they contravened his preferred view of '. He favoured aspects of that suited his own views, and adopted some elements of the Catholic Church's hierarchical organisation,, and phraseology. Hitler viewed the church as an important politically conservative influence on society, and he adopted a strategic relationship with it that 'suited his immediate political purposes'. In public, Hitler often praised Christian heritage and German Christian culture, though professing a belief in an 'Aryan Jesus' who fought against the Jews. Any pro-Christian public rhetoric contradicted his private statements, which described Christianity as 'absurdity' and nonsense founded on lies. According to a U.S. (OSS) report, 'The Nazi Master Plan', Hitler planned to destroy the influence of Christian churches within the Reich. His eventual goal was the total elimination of Christianity. This goal informed Hitler's movement early on, but he saw it as inexpedient to publicly express this extreme position. According to Bullock, Hitler wanted to wait until after the war before executing this plan. Speer wrote that Hitler had a negative view of Himmler's and 's mystical notions and Himmler's attempt to mythologise the SS. Hitler was more pragmatic, and his ambitions centred on more practical concerns. See also: and Researchers have variously suggested that Hitler suffered from,,,,,,, and. In a report prepared for the OSS in 1943, of described Hitler as a 'neurotic '. In his 1977 book, historian proposes that he suffered from. Historians Henrik Eberle and Hans-Joachim Neumann consider that while he suffered from a number of illnesses including Parkinson's disease, Hitler did not experience pathological delusions and was always fully aware of, and therefore responsible for, his decisions. Theories about Hitler's medical condition are difficult to prove, and placing too much weight on them may have the effect of attributing many of the events and consequences of Nazi Germany to the possibly impaired physical health of one individual. Kershaw feels that it is better to take a broader view of German history by examining what social forces led to the Nazi dictatorship and its policies rather than to pursue narrow explanations for the Holocaust and World War II based on only one person.. At social events he sometimes gave graphic accounts of the slaughter of animals in an effort to make his guests shun meat. Bormann had a greenhouse constructed near the (near ) to ensure a steady supply of fresh fruit and vegetables for Hitler. Hitler publicly avoided alcohol. He occasionally drank beer and wine in private, but gave up drinking because of weight gain in 1943. He was a non-smoker for most of his adult life, but smoked heavily in his youth (25 to 40 cigarettes a day); he eventually quit, calling the habit 'a waste of money'. He encouraged his close associates to quit by offering a gold watch to anyone able to break the habit. Hitler began using occasionally after 1937 and became addicted to it in late 1942. Speer linked this use of amphetamine to Hitler's increasingly erratic behavior and inflexible decision making (for example, rarely allowing military retreats). Prescribed 90 medications during the war years by his personal physician,, Hitler took many pills each day for chronic stomach problems and other ailments. He regularly consumed,,, and, as well as and (the latter in the form of ). He suffered as a result of the bomb blast in 1944, and 200 wood splinters had to be removed from his legs. Newsreel footage of Hitler shows tremors in his left hand and a shuffling walk, which began before the war and worsened towards the end of his life. And several other doctors who met Hitler in the last weeks of his life also formed a diagnosis of Parkinson's disease. Hitler in 1942 with his long-time lover,, whom he married on 29 April 1945 Hitler created a public image as a celibate man without a domestic life, dedicated entirely to his political mission and the nation. He met his lover,, in 1929, and married her in April 1945. In September 1931, his half-niece,, took her own life with Hitler's gun in his Munich apartment. It was rumoured among contemporaries that Geli was in a romantic relationship with him, and her death was a source of deep, lasting pain., the younger sister of Hitler and the last living member of his immediate family, died in 1960. In propaganda films. • ^, pp. 226–227. •, pp. 246–247. •, pp. 493–498. •, pp. 10–11. •, pp. 33–34. •, pp. 163–164. •, pp. 30–31. •, pp. 30–33. •, pp. 41, 42. •, pp. 243–246. •, pp. 236, 237, 274. •, pp. 341–345. •, pp. 60–67. •, pp. 12–13. •, pp. 59, 60. •, pp. 97, 102. •, pp. 238–240. •, pp. 61, 62. •, pp. 61–63. •, pp. 80, 90, 92. •, pp. 75, 76. •, pp. 125-126. •, pp. 94, 95, 100. •, pp. 89–92. •, pp. 100, 101. •, pp. 83, 103. •, pp. 105–106. •, pp. 130–131. •, pp. 73–74. •, pp. 68–69. •, pp. 148–149. •, pp. 80–81. •, pp. 158, 161, 162. •, pp. 162, 166. •, pp. 166, 167. •, pp. 136–137. •, pp. 224–225. •, p. 403 et. •, pp. 434–446 et. •, pp. 218–219. •, p. 449 et. •, pp. 434–436, 471. •, pp. 468–471. •, pp. 477–479. •, pp. 456–458, 731–732. •, pp. 194, 274. •, pp. 196–197. • ^, pp. 350–374. •, pp. 309–314. •, pp. 313–315. •, pp. 524–525. •, pp. 392, 393. •, pp. 393–397. •, pp. 318–319. •, pp. 397–398. •, pp. 109–111. •, pp. 259–260. •, pp. 54–57. •, pp. 118–119. •, pp. 570–572. •, pp. 26–27. •, pp. 490–491. •, pp. 492, 555–556, 586–587. •, pp. 601–602. •, pp. 630–631. •, pp. 56–57. • ^, pp. 636–637. •, pp. 73–78. • ^, pp. 178–179. •, pp. 334–335. •, pp. 338–340. •, pp. 418–419. •, pp. 149–150. •, pp. 256–260. •, pp. 202–203. •, pp. 462–463. •, pp. 671, 682–683. •, pp. 90–91. •, pp. 268–269. •, pp. 579–581. • ^, pp. 688–690. • ^, pp. 537–539, 557–560. •, pp. 76–77. •, pp. 36–37, 92. •, pp. 181–187. •, pp. 252–253. •, pp. 85–94. •, pp. 255–257. •, pp. 561–562, 583–584. • ^, pp. 141–145. •, pp. 88–89. • ^, pp. 148–149. •, pp. 696–730. •, pp. 731–737. •, pp. 774–782. •, pp. 563, 569, 570. •, pp. 58–60. •, pp. 604–605. •, pp. 141–142. •, pp. 900–901. •, pp. 419–420. •, pp. 996–1000. •, pp. 513–514. •, pp. 544–547, 821–822, 827–828. •, pp. 816–818. •, pp. 1048–1072. •, pp. 753, 763, 780–781. • ^, pp. 774–775. •, pp. 497–498. •, pp. 255–256. •, pp. 787, 795. •, pp. 227–228. •, pp. 923–925, 943. •, pp. 792, 795. •, pp. 160–182. •, pp. 217–220. •, pp. 799–800. •, pp. 949–950. •, pp. 111, 333. •, pp. 335–336. •, pp. 459–462. •, pp. 670–675. •, pp. 383–396. •, pp. 162–163, 416. •, pp. 567–568. •, pp. 170, 172, 181. • ^, pp. 421–425. •, pp. 169–170. •, pp. 396–397. •, pp. 171–395. •, pp. 348–350. •, pp. 100–101. •, pp. 94–96. • ^, pp. 141–142. •, pp. 385, 389. •, pp. 27, 108. •, pp. 219, 389. •, pp. 141, 171, 174. •, pp. 129–190. •, pp. xxxv–xxxvi. •, pp. 32–33. •, p. Chapter 3. •, pp. 125–142. •, pp. 11–20. •, p. 190–191. •, pp. 947–948. •, pp. 393–394. Not only this, but many Brazilians live with their families until they’re in their late twenties / until they get married to (). So before you invite yourself round to your new Brazilian boyfriend or girlfriend’s house, it is worth considering that you could be inviting yourself round to meet ‘mama’ for the first time too! WaitHave I Missed Something? After walking for a good twenty minutes under the intense summer sun, my friend and his girlfriend finally arrived at her boss’ house for a party. Everyone got up from their seats to welcome them, greeting them with an obligatory introductory hug. “Hey everyone, let me introduce you to my husband!” announced my friend’s girlfriend. In this moment he told me time slowed down, the air became still and he was no longer aware of anything else happening around him. ‘Husband?’ They’d been together for about 8 months at this point, had just moved in together and were getting on great. But marriage had never even been discussed. So to introduce him in this way was, wellunexpected! So he looked over at her, fully expecting to see a smile, a grinanything, to let him know that the ‘husband’ remark had been meant as a joke. But there was nothing. About half an hour later he pulled his now-ex girlfriend over to one side and asked what was going on. ”We’re not married” he half-jokingly quipped, but with an air of forcefulness that left her in little doubt as to how serious he was being. Brazilian dating culture starts in the teens and is punctuated by friendly fun, casual meetings and a relaxed attitude. As a Brazilian matures, he then moves on to. Dating Brazilians: 4 Things You. So if you find yourself in Brazil dating. Amazon Avenida Paulista beach Brazil Brazilian Brazilian Culture Brazilian Football. ![]() ” So why didn’t you just introduce me by my name?” “Relax” was the startled response he was greeted with (a response that really did little to ease his anxiety). “Here in Brazil people sometimes say they are married when they live together, you don’t need to have a wedding to be married!” The Brazilians I’ve talked to have since confirmed this. Couples who live together for a certain period of time often enter into a common law, so it’s not unusual for them to introduce themselves as married couples despite the fact they might not really be married. So if you find yourself in Brazil dating a Brazilian, you too might find you’re married one afternoonwhen you’re least expecting it! And here is a bonus point from www.brazilamo.com! Food, Glorious food! As Portuguese guy living in Brazil, I would say that one of the things you should be worried about iswait for itgetting FAT! Yes, this is true story! I met my wife Paula using a dating site and I have to admit that she cooks extremely well! Although I am from Portugal and am familiar with “Feijoada” (a typical dish in Portugal and former Portuguese colonies like Brazil), I love the Brazilian way to make it. Another of my favourite dishes my wife makes is “Moqueca,” a kind of a seafood stew. We have fish stew in Portugal but the way Brazilians make it will make you cry for more! It is very easy to gain 7 Kg from this dish alonethis was definitely my case! So when you are with a Brazilian woman, you can expect good food! Being with a Brazilian in this wonderful country also has other obvious advantages, like fun (Brazilians by nature are really lovable people), caipirinhas (they are the best drink!) and the sun. Life is never dull with a Brazilin partner by your side! To find out how you can be matched with a beautiful Brazilian woman, click here: Have you ever dated a Brazilian? Can you relate to any of these stories? Are you a Brazilian who has had an interesting experience dating a foreigner? Social Stratification Classes and Castes. 'Brazil is no longer an underdeveloped country. It is an unjust country,' Brazilian President Fernando Henrique Cardoso proclaimed in 1994. Today Brazil, although one of the ten largest economies in the world, has the most unequal distribution of income of any nation except South Africa. Moreover, inequality has been growing. In the mid-1990s, the poorest 20 percent of the population received only 3 percent of national income, while the richest 10 percent received 47 percent. Or, put in another way, the wealthiest 20 percent earn twenty-six times as much as the poorest 20 percent. It is estimated that some thirty-three million Brazilians live in poverty, including twenty million workers and ten million pensioners who receive the minimum wage of around $115 a month. In parts of Brazil, particularly the Northeast, infant mortality, a sensitive indicator of social inequality, has actually been rising. This 'social question,' as Brazilians call the divide between rich and poor, has characterized the nation since colonial times. With industrialization and urbanization during the first decades of the twentieth century, however, the growth of the Brazilian middle class has made this simple division more complex. Today, depending on how it is defined, the middle class accounts for one-fifth to one-third of the population, but the resources and lifestyle of its members vary considerably. Some claim the Brazilian middle class admires elite values and aspires to elite status and it is indeed true that middle-class families in Brazil are far more likely to employ domestic servants and send their children to private school than their North American counterparts. Thousands of saqueiros (sack carriers) working on the Serra Pelada gold mine, which is now closed. Gold was one of the most important exports in the eighteenth century. In the late 1980s, moreover, it was members of the Brazilian middle class who, hurt by then rampant inflation, began seeking their fortunes abroad as immigrants to North America, Europe, and Japan. Still, a ray of hope emerged with the stabilization of the Brazilian currency and the rapid decline of inflation in the mid-1990s. Estimates suggest that some nineteen million Brazilians moved from the working poor to the lower middle class. For the first time these people had money to spend on consumer goods; those who remained poor also benefitted from stable prices and were better able to afford staples such as meat, chicken, eggs, and beans. Symbols of Social Stratification. Brazilians are preoccupied with class distinctions and are quick to size up the social distance that exists between themselves and others they meet. Yardsticks of such distance are general appearance and the 'correctness' of a person's speech. The degree to which an individual's vocabulary and grammar is considered 'educated' is used as a measure of schooling and, hence, social class. And this, in turn, establishes patterns of deference and authority between two individuals should they belong to different social strata. When such patterns are ignored, the 'elite' persons may harshly demand of their 'lessers,' 'Do you know whom you're talking to?' —a ritualized response when someone of higher status is not accorded due deference by someone lower on the social scale. Nongovernmental Organizations and Other Associations Arguably the most visible nongovernmental organization (NGO) in Brazil today is the Movimento dos Trabalhadores Rurais Sem Terra (MST), or Movement of Landless Rural Workers. Now with some 500,000 members, it began organizing the occupation of large unproductive estates in the mid-1980s after the federal government was slow to follow through on its promised program of land reform. A convoy of vehicles invade an estate at night so that by dawn too many people will have occupied the land for the police to be able to evict them. Such land occupations have escalated since the mid-1990s, enhanced by the Brazilian media's sympathetic portrayal of the MST as supporting a just cause. Partly in response to the MST, by the end of 1998 the federal agrarian reform program had settled nearly 290,000 families on eighteen million acres (7.3 million hectares) of land, and Brazilian President Fernando Henrique Cardoso had promised an acceleration of the process. Over the last decade or so many other Brazilian NGOs have been established dealing with the problems of street children, rural poverty, hunger, ecological issues, women's issues, and indigenous rights. Some have received international attention and foreign support. Gender Roles and Statuses Division of Labor by Gender. Gender roles in Brazil vary to some extent by social class, race, and place of residence. White, middle-class and elite women living in large urban centers generally have more occupational choices and greater behavioral flexibility than their poorer, darker, rural sisters. Nevertheless, even when women are employed, men are seen as the primary providers of the family, with women's monetary contributions viewed as supplementary. Moreover, whether employed outside the home or not, women remain responsible for the proper functioning of the domestic sphere, with or without the aid of domestic servants. Today almost 40 percent of Brazilian women have jobs outside the home, although they hold only 2 percent of executive-level positions. And while the number of women in industry has more than tripled since 1970, they are primarily employed in low-skill, low-paying jobs in textiles and electronics. Poor women, especially those in the 20 percent of households with no permanently resident male, take whatever work they can get. Afro-Brazilian women are particularly disadvantaged in this regard; about 70 percent are employed in low-level agricultural, factory, and domestic service jobs. The Relative Status of Women and Men. The mostly male Portuguese colonizers of Brazil brought with them the concept of machismo, which identifies men with authority and strength and women with weakness and subservience. Still, machismo is tempered in Brazil. It lacks the sharp-edged stress on heterosexuality and obsessive dread of homosexuality that characterizes it in other Latin societies. Nevertheless, this world view, combined with the patriarchy of the Catholic Church, laid the foundation for male dominance. As in most of Latin America, Brazil has a double standard in sexual matters. Traditionally, at least, men were expected to demonstrate their virility through premarital and extramarital sexual escapades, while women were supposed to 'save themselves' for their husbands and remain faithful after marriage. So-called 'crimes of passion' are linked to this dual sexual standard. In the past—and occasionally even in modern times—men who killed their wives believing them to be unfaithful often went unpunished. Women have been slow to receive legal equality in Brazil. They were not given the vote until 1932 and, until the 1960s, women were the equivalent of children under Brazilian law. They needed permission from their fathers or husbands to leave the country and could not open bank accounts on their own. A women's rights movement emerged fairly late compared to that in the United States and has just started influencing legislation and the political process at the onset of the twenty-first century. While it has had some success, for example, in setting up special police stations for abused women, abortion is still illegal, although widespread. Moreover, the emphasis on youth and beauty as a measure of female worth remains unchanged and it is no coincidence that Brazilian plastic surgeons enjoy international renown. Lace next to a lacemaker at work, Fortaleza, Brazil. Less than 50 percent of Brazilian women hold jobs outside the home. Domestic Unit. While the typical household in Brazil may consist of parents and children, this is not the isolated nuclear family unit familiar to Americans. Brazilian culture puts a high premium on extended family ties and Brazilians, regardless of social class, do not like to live any distance from their kin. Grown sons and daughters almost always remain at home until they marry and ideally live near their parents after marriage. Brazilians normally interact weekly, if not daily, with members of the extended kin group—cousins, aunts and uncles, married children and their spouses, and inlaws. Among the urban middle class it is not uncommon for members of an extended family to live in separate apartments in the same building. Brazilians trace their ancestry and inherit through both maternal and paternal lines. They typically have two surnames, that of their mother's and father's families. When a woman marries she usually adds her husband's surname to her own and drops that of her mother's family, while her children are given the surnames of their mother's father and their own father, all indicating a patrilineal slant. When Brazilians speak of 'family' they usually mean a large extended kin group rather than the immediate family of spouse and children. This large kin group, the parentela, consists of all maternal and paternal relatives, along with in-laws. The parentela is at the core of social life and in time of need ideally provides assistance to its members. Such support can also be obtained through ritual kinship ( compadrio ) in which parents select additional allies and protectors as godparents for their children. Some claim that the multiple functions of these extended kinship networks has inhibited the development of extrafamilial organizations in Brazil, such as parent–teacher associations and garden and civic clubs. Socialization Child Rearing and Education. Like so many aspects of Brazilian life, educational opportunities are tied to social class. Brazil has never invested heavily in public education and most middle-class and elite families send their children to private school. Education is also linked to race and geography. A white person in the Southeast has an average of 6.6 years of schooling, whereas a person of color living in the Northeast has spent an average of just 3.5 years in school. Despite the low level of funding, the last four decades of the twentieth century witnessed a significant increase in the number of Brazilians attending school and a concomitant rise in the literacy rate— in 2000 about 82 percent of Brazilians are literate. In 1960 almost half the population had little or no schooling, a figure that fell to 22 percent by 1990. Notably, school is one setting in which females are often more successful than males. In some regions of Brazil, girls are more likely than boys to be in school and women tend to be more literate than men. Higher Education. Two-thirds of all public monies spent on education in Brazil goes to universities, the other third to public primary and secondary schools. While public universities in Brazil—widely considered superior to their private counterparts—charge no tuition, they have very competitive entrance exams which generally favor students who have attended costly private schools with high academic standards. The value placed on higher education by certain segments of Brazilian society may explain why it receives such a large share of revenue. Economic success in Brazil is said to come more from who one knows than what one knows, and where one is educated, influences who one knows. University education then, aside from training students in a particular profession, also confers (or confirms) social status which, in turn, provides the personal connections that can influence future success. Religion Religious Beliefs. Brazil is the largest Catholic country in the world even though the percentage of Brazilians who belong to the Catholic Church has declined in recent years, down from 95 percent in the 1950s. Today about 73 percent of Brazilians identify themselves as Catholic but an unknown number are Catholics by tradition, not by faith. Although church and state are separate in Brazil and, by law, there is freedom of religious belief and expression, a close relationship exists between the Catholic Church and the state. Major Catholic holidays are public holidays and a priest (or bishop) always presides at the inauguration of public buildings. Also, church-based welfare and educational institutions, such as religious seminaries, receive financial support from the federal government. At various times in Brazilian history the Catholic Church has either strongly endorsed the state or vigorously challenged the status quo, as in the case of liberation theology, a late-twentieth century movement that provided religious justification for questioning the yawning gap between haves and have-nots in Brazil. Catholicism varies somewhat in rural and urban settings. What has been called 'folk Catholicism,' which includes beliefs and practices long abandoned in cities, is observed by people in the interior of the country. Such popular Catholicism survives in pilgrimage centers in the backlands which attract thousands of Brazilians, often from great distances. The faithful take vows to make a pilgrimage to honor the saint who fulfills their request—recovery from illness or getting a job are examples. Sometimes the grateful supplicant offers the saint a carved likeness of the body part that has been cured. Brazilian Catholicism has always coexisted— generally in relative harmony—with other religions including those of the nation's indigenous people, African religions brought to Brazil by slaves, European spiritism, and various Protestant denominations. Medicine and Health Care Brazil has long had a public health system, but like other social programs that primarily serve the poor, it is vastly underfunded. In the early 1990s, per capita spending on health care was only about $50 annually, a paltry sum for a system on which over 60 percent of the Brazilian population depends. Many of the poor either self-medicate or get whatever remedies they can from local pharmacists who are the only health care providers in some rural areas. For those who can afford it at the other end of the social spectrum, Brazil has world class health care in modern medical centers, particularly in the prosperous Southeast and South. The State of the Physical and Social Sciences Research in both the physical and social sciences was hard hit by Brazil's economic crisis since almost all academic research is done at public universities which receive about 90 percent of their funds from state or federal governments. The private sector contributes very little to research. The social sciences in Brazil have far more visibility than they do in the United States and a number of academics are known to the general public. Fernando Henrique Cardoso, a senator and two-term president of Brazil, was a renowned sociologist before he entered politics. This visibility may be linked to the fact that all of the social sciences focus on Brazil and on national issues. The vast majority of Brazilian anthropologists, for example, have conducted their field research within national territory. Anthropologists in Brazil shifted their interests over the years from indigenous populations to the contact situation, including inter–ethnic friction. This was followed by research on peasants, urban populations, and popular culture. Sociology, which tends to be more quantitative than anthropology, often combines an interest in policy with research. Or as one Brazilian social scientist put it, 'In Brazil theory is politics.' Brazil also has a tradition of folk literature that is little known abroad. The literature de cordel (literally, literature on a string)—derived from the custom of displaying booklets of verse by hanging them from a thin string or cordel— is a form of rhymed verse still popular in the Northeast interior. In the region with the country's highest illiteracy rate, these verses disseminate news and carry on cultural traditions. The cordel singer, who travels from town to town performing his verses to the accompaniment of a guitar or accordion, writes the verses, composes the melody, prints the lyrics in a booklet—which he also sells—and may even illustrate the work with his own woodcuts or sketches. Performance Arts. Music is not just entertainment in Brazil, it has been called the. I am a Brazilian living in the US for almost 7 years. I was searching the web for a good article in English on the culture of Minas Gerais, my native land, and I came across your website. What a delight!! I am truly impressed with the details and the depth of explanation on all areas of the Brazilian culture and life. I have to say I learned more about myself here! Or at least I can put in words the subtle differences between the Brazilian and American live styles. Congratulations on the amazing job describing Brazil and our culture! Brazil is really a very good place and great chances of being a first world country like the United States, but we, the citizens and especially the politicians (corrupt) do not know to value the resources we have. It is a chaos. We have to pay for everything here. To have health, safety, water, electricity, housing, food. And many other things. But for people who would like to travel to Brazil and at the same time want a place where you feel more at home, the south is great. (looks over Europe, okay?) But unfortunately I'm from Bahia. A summer heat always, however the winter is rainy and cold. (For people living with snow always or almost always, the cold here is chump change) But those who prefer a lot of noise, the northeastern states are a good thing. Brazil is a racial paradise. Some people in Brazil want to turn Brazil in a racist country like the USA, where people are divided on the basis of 'race', but they won't be sucessfull. Almost all Brazilians have indigenous, African and European ancestry at the same time, so, there is no reason to talk about 'races' here. Different skin shades doesn't mean different 'races'. There is only one 'race' here, the Brazilian race. Only a small minority of Brazilians (a few ignorant folks) discriminate against people of darker skin. The huge majority of Brazilians don't judge people based on skin colors. The reason why people with darker skin are poorer is merely historic: as many are descendant of slaves, they had poor, iliterate grandparents. This is not a problem of race, this is merely a lack of social mobility. The son of a poor man tends to be poor, specially in a country like Brazil, where the public schools are very bad, and the private schools are much better, thus the son of a poor man has lower probability of entering the University, than the son of a rich man. Being gringo and yet having already adopted Brazil as my second home, I thought your article was comprehensive and accurate, albeit already a bit dated in some areas. My only objection was that the tone of the article is not neutral in some categories and is slightly first world condescending in matters of sociology. Rather than assuming the whole world should be measured by the North American / British standard, it would be interesting to rate the North American / British standard by Brazilian standards. Never the less, an excellent article and you have my thanks for a good read. So without him knowing it, you’ve been planning on marrying G-dragon for a whole year now. And in your stalker mind, you’ve even dreamed up your own wedding! Well if it ever becomes a reality, make sure you know what’s expected of you if you’re marrying a Korean! (Weirdo:P) Note: This is a list of common expectations for when Koreans marry other Koreans. But of course if you’re a non-Korean, you will become a multicultural family, and that means your Korean lover and his/her family will have to adjust to you as well. So not all may apply. You’ll Need Mommy and Daddy’s Permission “ Son, don’t you be marrying no crazies!” So you’ve been dating that Korean for a while now and you’ve even got the whole thing done. The girl’s got the ring and the boy’s got the swag. But it aiin’t official yet. Although getting married is about love, in Korea, many people also see marriage as a union of two families. ![]() And that means most marriage plans are on hold until the scary moment when both sides of the family meet. The families of the potential bride and groom will get together for an official dinner at a nice restaurant to make sure no one’s getting married to a family of crazies. And even if it’s a real life Korean drama love story full of childhood first kisses, life threatening diseases and sacrificial eye transplants, if the parents say no, then the wedding might not happen. (Of course, people sometimes go ahead and do it anyway.:P) 2. Parents will Pick up the Tab “Daddy, Can you buy me a wedding?” Weddings are expensive ordeals in any part of the world, and people everywhere don’t hesitate to spend butt loads of money on that one special day. And of course, weddings can be very expensive in Korea too. But if you’re still at the bottom working your way up to the top manager position at the local McDonalds, don’t worry too much. Apr 10, 2014. Since 2000, 236,000 foreign women have settled in South Korea through marriage, giving birth to about 190,000 children, according to data compiled by state-run Statistics Korea. More than 80% came from China, Vietnam, the Philippines, Cambodia, Thailand and Mongolia -- essentially 'mail-ordered'. How bartenders, schoolteachers and real estate agents landed their famous spouses. Feb 19, 2015. Similarly, many Koreans are open to dating foreigners, but tend to be much more hesitant about interracial marriage. Naturally, there are numerous couples who unexpectedly fall in love and end up tying the knot, so don't automatically rule out marriage with your Korean partner. Just remember that. In Korea, most young people are broke too. That’s why most families will pay for their share of the wedding costs. That means most brides and grooms in Korea will not pay for the wedding themselves, but their families (parents) will. Korean parents see marrying off their children as their very last duty as a parent. Goodbye, so long, fare thee well young child. I t’s a crazy butt load of money (see #3), but they’ll get it back. Big time (see #7). Splitting Wedding Costs is Crazy Complicated Or just avoid by marrying a Samsung heir Wedding costs are always tricky arrangements for any marriage, and that’s why most families will figure out things amongst themselves (i.e. If one family is richer than the other, they may offer to cover more of the costs). So if you somehow convinced the heir to the Samsung empire to marry you, you’ll most likely get the most bomb wedding ever for basically just being an awesome husband or wife. For the rest of the not-so-lucky 99.999941%, many Korean families will split marriage costs like this: Groom Side Bride Side Wedding Ceremony (50%) Wedding Ceremony (50%) Honeymoon (50%) Honeymoon (50%) Apartment/Housing – the home itself (100%) Furnishings like furniture, appliances, etc. (100%) Yemul (예물) – Wedding gift for the bride Yedan (예단) – Wedding gift for the groom’s family Splitting wedding costs can be crazy complicated and that’s why we need the scientific chart above. It’s easy enough to see the wedding ceremony and honeymoon are usually split down the middle. But the groom’s side typically provides the payment for the home/apartment, and the bride’s side usually provides all the furnishings inside the home. Fair and simple enough to follow right? Ok, now see if you can follow this! The gifts involved might be the cultural part you might not have known about. Yemul (예물) comes from an old tradition of giving a bridge wedding gifts of red and blue yarn. Unfortunately for modern day cash-strapped grooms, that usually translates to a matching jewelry set: diamond ring, earring and necklace (or other jewelry). But brides return the favor with yedan (예단), a gift for the groom’s family, typically a cash gift that equals 10% of the housing costs as well as gifts for the family such as nice silverware, bags, jackets, etc. Of course, none of this is set in stone as it’s different for every marriage (especially true for multi-cultural marriages!). This one you’ll have to talk out with your future Korean spouse/in-laws. You Might Not Get that Cool Korean Name You’ve Always Wanted Unofficial ones are still gravy tho ? In many places in the world, it’s common for the bride to take the groom’s family name. Smith becomes Mrs. Johnson in many places everyday. But if you’ve ever made up a Korean name for yourself because you think they just sound so darn cool, your dream of having an official Korean name might not come true. In Korea, brides keep their family names, even after getting married. That means even if Seonmi Choi marries Kyungsu Park, she will still keep the name her daddy gave her, Choi. But if you’re kind of creepily obsessed with having an Korean name, there’s no law against it. You can still do it at city hall. ? → Next Page. The Trauma of Attachment Disorder is Present in Adults and Children. Source: pinterest.com Categories of Insecure Attachment Generally, there are two categories of insecure attachment. Adults can be either avoidant or anxious/ambivalent. The avoidant adult will fear closeness in a relationship and thus have a negative view of others. He or she will view others as untrustworthy or undependable, meanwhile viewing the self as 'too good' for others. Relationships for this person will be perceived as a threat to the person's sense of control and may not even seem worth engaging in. Source: aspsychologyblackpoolsixth.weebly.com The anxious/ambivalent adult will feel overinvolved and underappreciated. He or she is sensitive to rejection and often idealizes others. For this person, life revolves around relationships. The person will feel a preoccupation and dependence on the relationship, but see the significant other as difficult to understand. Extreme emotions, jealousy, and possessiveness are also common features. Adults Affected It has been postulated that approximately 50% of Americans are diagnosable with Adult Attachment Disorder (AAD). This stems from a lack of a deep emotional connection as a child that is then carried into adulthood. The Trauma of Attachment Disorder is Present in Adults and Children. Source: healthgoesup.com It is highly interesting that this disorder can be seen in society today. While most people do not have full-blown AAD, it can be connected with the in America (52%) and the emotional detachment felt by those in congress. Find out more on the political connection here. DSM-5 Involvement Most unfortunately, the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (DSM-5) does not recognize AAD as a disorder in and of its own. The DSM-5 does, however, recognize Radical Attachment Disorder (RAD), which affects a relatively small percentage of Americans as compared to AAD. Source: slideplayer.com What this means for those with AAD is that getting treatment is much harder. This is something that many people struggle with and can get help for. However, because of a lack of 'official' diagnosis in the DSM-5, many people are still struggling with AAD today. Getting the Help You Need If you find yourself in need of professional mental health help, there are many resources available for you. While AAD is a difficult diagnosis, there are professionals who can help you. How to Stop Attachment Insecurity from Ruining Your. Adult attachment styles. Seen make the leap from insecure to secure attachment in their adult. We should expect other adults, in contrast, to be insecure in their relationships. For example, some insecure adults may be anxious-resistant: they worry that others may not love them completely, and be easily frustrated or angered when their attachment needs go unmet. Others may be avoidant: they may appear not to care. This diagnosis is not to be taken lightly. Seek professional help to confirm a diagnosis of AAD. Source: linkedin.com As an example, BetterHelp is a company that offers pain online counseling and therapy. This company strives to provide mental health help for those who want to avoid the stigma associated with seeking help for illnesses that cannot be readily observed. This company is also professional, affordable, and convenient. Find out more. ![]() There are four attachment styles in adults with the avoidant attachment style belonging to the insecure category or level and having two forms; the. Dec 10, 2008. Hi, recently, after a conversation with a friend, I realized I might suffer from Adult Attachment disorder. The list of symptoms you describe as 'avoidant' pretty much define me. When I was a baby I had to put in the hospital for three weeks, and I guess that could be the reason? Other than that I had a pretty. Next Article. [] Reactive attachment disorder ( RAD) is described in clinical literature as a severe and relatively uncommon that can affect children. RAD is characterized by markedly disturbed and developmentally inappropriate ways of relating socially in most contexts. It can take the form of a persistent failure to initiate or respond to most social interactions in a developmentally appropriate way—known as the 'inhibited form'. Due to recent revision in the the 'disinhibited form' is now considered a separate diagnosis named '. RAD arises from a failure to form normal attachments to primary caregivers in early childhood. Such a failure could result from severe early experiences of,, abrupt separation from caregivers between the ages of six months and three years, frequent change of caregivers, or a lack of caregiver responsiveness to a child's communicative efforts. Not all, or even a majority of such experiences, result in the disorder. It is differentiated from or developmental delay and from possibly conditions such as, all of which can affect attachment behavior. The criteria for a diagnosis of a reactive attachment disorder are very different from the criteria used in assessment or categorization of such as insecure or disorganized attachment. Children with RAD are presumed to have grossly disturbed internal working models of relationships that may lead to interpersonal and behavioral difficulties in later life. There are few studies of long-term effects, and there is a lack of clarity about the presentation of the disorder beyond the age of five years. However, the opening of orphanages in Eastern Europe following the end of the in the early-1990s provided opportunities for research on infants and toddlers brought up in very deprived conditions. Such research broadened the understanding of the prevalence, causes, mechanism and assessment of disorders of attachment and led to efforts from the late-1990s onwards to develop treatment and prevention programs and better methods of assessment. Mainstream theorists in the field have proposed that a broader range of conditions arising from problems with attachment should be defined beyond current classifications. Mainstream treatment and prevention programs that target RAD and other problematic early attachment behaviors are based on and concentrate on increasing the responsiveness and sensitivity of the caregiver, or if that is not possible, placing the child with a different caregiver. Most such strategies are in the process of being evaluated. Mainstream practitioners and theorists have presented significant criticism of the diagnosis and treatment of alleged reactive attachment disorder or the theoretically baseless 'attachment disorder' within the controversial form of psychotherapy commonly known as. Attachment therapy has a scientifically unsupported theoretical base and uses diagnostic criteria or symptom lists markedly different to criteria under ICD-10 or DSM-IV-TR, or to attachment behaviors. A range of treatment approaches are used in attachment therapy, some of which are physically and psychologically coercive, and considered to be to attachment theory. Many constitute. See also: and are often the first health professionals to assess and raise suspicions of RAD in children with the disorder. The initial presentation varies according to the child's developmental and chronological age, although it always involves a disturbance in social interaction. Up to about 18–24 months may present with and display abnormal responsiveness to stimuli. Laboratory investigations will be unremarkable barring possible findings consistent with or, while serum levels will be normal or elevated. The core feature is severely inappropriate social relating by affected children. This can manifest itself in two ways: • Indiscriminate and excessive attempts to receive comfort and affection from any available adult, even relative strangers (older children and adolescents may also aim attempts at peers). • Extreme reluctance to initiate or accept comfort and affection, even from familiar adults, especially when distressed. While RAD is likely to occur in relation to neglectful and abusive treatment, automatic diagnoses on this basis alone cannot be made, as children can form stable attachments and social relationships despite marked abuse and neglect. The name of the disorder emphasizes problems with attachment but the criteria includes symptoms such as failure to thrive, a lack of developmentally appropriate social responsiveness, apathy, and onset before 8 months. Assessment tools [ ] There is as yet no universally accepted diagnostic protocol for reactive attachment disorder. Often a range of measures is used in research and diagnosis. Recognized assessment methods of attachment styles, difficulties or disorders include the Strange Situation Procedure (devised by ), the separation and reunion procedure and the Preschool Assessment of Attachment, the Observational Record of the Caregiving Environment, the and a variety of narrative techniques using, puppets or pictures. For older children, actual interviews such as the and the Autobiographical Emotional Events Dialogue can be used. Caregivers may also be assessed using procedures such as the Working Model of the Child Interview. More recent research also uses the (DAI) developed by Smyke and (1999). The DAI is a semi-structured interview designed to be administered by clinicians to caregivers. It covers 12 items, namely 'having a discriminated, preferred adult', 'seeking comfort when distressed', 'responding to comfort when offered', 'social and emotional reciprocity', 'emotional regulation', 'checking back after venturing away from the care giver', 'reticence with unfamiliar adults', 'willingness to go off with relative strangers', 'self-endangering behavior', 'excessive clinging', 'vigilance/hypercompliance' and 'role reversal'. This method is designed to pick up not only RAD but also the proposed new alternative categories of disorders of attachment. Causes [ ] Although increasing numbers of childhood mental health problems are being attributed to, reactive attachment disorder is by definition based on a problematic history of care and social relationships. Abuse can occur alongside the required factors, but on its own does not explain attachment disorder. It has been suggested that types of, or constitutional response to the environment, may make some individuals susceptible to the stress of unpredictable or hostile relationships with caregivers in the early years. In the absence of available and responsive caregivers it appears that some children are particularly vulnerable to developing attachment disorders. There is as yet no explanation for why similar abnormal parenting may produce the two distinct forms of the disorder, inhibited and disinhibited. The issue of temperament and its influence on the development of attachment disorders has yet to be resolved. RAD has never been reported in the absence of serious environmental adversity yet outcomes for children raised in the same environment vary widely. In discussing the basis for attachment and trauma symptoms in a seven-year, it has been suggested that the roots of various forms of, including RAD, (BPD), and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), can be found in disturbances in regulation. The subsequent development of higher-order is jeopardized and the formation of internal models is affected. Consequently, the 'templates' in the mind that drive organized behavior in relationships may be impacted. The potential for 're-regulation' (modulation of emotional responses to within the normal range) in the presence of 'corrective' experiences (normative caregiving) seems possible. Diagnosis [ ]. See also: RAD is one of the least researched and most poorly understood disorders in the DSM. There is little systematic epidemiologic information on RAD, its course is not well established and it appears difficult to diagnose accurately. There is a lack of clarity about the presentation of attachment disorders over the age of five years and difficulty in distinguishing between aspects of attachment disorders, disorganized attachment or the consequences of maltreatment. According to the (AACAP), children who exhibit signs of reactive attachment disorder need a comprehensive psychiatric assessment and individualized treatment plan. The signs or symptoms of RAD may also be found in other psychiatric disorders and AACAP advises against giving a child this label or diagnosis without a comprehensive evaluation. Their practice parameter states that the assessment of reactive attachment disorder requires evidence directly obtained from serial observations of the child interacting with his or her primary caregivers and history (as available) of the child’s patterns of attachment behavior with these caregivers. It also requires observations of the child’s behavior with unfamiliar adults and a comprehensive history of the child’s early caregiving environment including, for example, pediatricians, teachers, or caseworkers. In the US, initial evaluations may be conducted by psychologists, psychiatrists, Licensed Marriage and Family Therapists, Licensed Professional Counselors, specialist Licensed Clinical Social Workers or psychiatric nurses. In the UK, the (BAAF) advise that only a psychiatrist can diagnose an attachment disorder and that any assessment must include a comprehensive evaluation of the child’s individual and family history. According to the AACAP Practice Parameter (2005) the question of whether attachment disorders can reliably be diagnosed in older children and adults has not been resolved. Attachment behaviors used for the diagnosis of RAD change markedly with development and defining analogous behaviors in older children is difficult. There are no substantially validated measures of attachment in middle childhood or early adolescence. Assessments of RAD past school age may not be possible at all as by this time children have developed along individual lines to such an extent that early attachment experiences are only one factor among many that determine emotion and behavior. Criteria [ ] ICD-10 describes reactive attachment disorder of childhood, known as RAD, and, less well known as DAD. DSM-IV-TR also describes reactive attachment disorder of infancy or early childhood divided into two subtypes, inhibited type and disinhibited type, both known as RAD. Main articles: and Assessing the child's safety is an essential first step that determines whether future intervention can take place in the family unit or whether the child should be removed to a safe situation. Interventions may include psychosocial support services for the family unit (including financial or domestic aid, housing and social work support), psychotherapeutic interventions (including treating parents for mental illness,, individual therapy), education (including training in basic parenting skills and child development), and monitoring of the child's safety within the family environment In 2005 the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry laid down guidelines (devised by N.W. Boris and C.H. Zeanah) based on its published parameters for the diagnosis and treatment of RAD. Recommendations in the guidelines include the following: • 'The most important intervention for young children diagnosed with reactive attachment disorder and who lack an attachment to a discriminated caregiver is for the clinician to advocate for providing the child with an emotionally available attachment figure.' • 'Although the diagnosis of reactive attachment disorder is based on symptoms displayed by the child, assessing the caregiver's attitudes toward and perceptions about the child is important for treatment selection.' • 'Children with reactive attachment disorder are presumed to have grossly disturbed internal models for relating to others. After ensuring that the child is in a safe and stable placement, effective attachment treatment must focus on creating positive interactions with caregivers.' • 'Children who meet criteria for reactive attachment disorder and who display aggressive and oppositional behavior require adjunctive (additional) treatments.' Mainstream prevention programs and treatment approaches for attachment difficulties or disorders for infants and younger children are based on attachment theory and concentrate on increasing the responsiveness and sensitivity of the caregiver, or if that is not possible, placing the child with a different caregiver. These approaches are mostly in the process of being evaluated. The programs invariably include a detailed assessment of the attachment status or caregiving responses of the adult caregiver as attachment is a two-way process involving attachment behavior and caregiver response. Some of these treatment or prevention programs are specifically aimed at foster carers rather than parents, as the attachment behaviors of infants or children with attachment difficulties often do not elicit appropriate caregiver responses. Approaches include 'Watch, wait and wonder,' manipulation of sensitive responsiveness, modified 'Interaction Guidance', 'Clinician-Assisted Videofeedback Exposure Sessions (CAVES)', 'Preschool Parent Psychotherapy', 'Circle of Security', 'Attachment and Biobehavioral Catch-up' (ABC), the New Orleans Intervention, and parent–child psychotherapy. Other treatment methods include Developmental, Individual-difference, and Relationship-based therapy (DIR, also referred to as Floor Time) by, although DIR is primarily directed to treatment of pervasive developmental disorders. The relevance of these approaches to intervention with fostered and adopted children with RAD or older children with significant histories of maltreatment is unclear. Attachment therapy [ ] The terms, attachment problems, and attachment therapy, although increasingly used, have no clear, specific, or consensus definitions. However, the terms and therapies often are applied to children who are maltreated, particularly those in the foster care, kinship care, or adoption systems, and related populations such as children adopted internationally from orphanages. Outside the mainstream programs is a generally known as attachment therapy, a subset of techniques (and accompanying novel diagnosis) for supposed attachment disorders including RAD. These 'attachment disorders' use diagnostic criteria or symptom lists different to criteria under ICD-10 or DSM-IV-TR, or to attachment behaviors. Sufferers of 'attachment disorder' are said to lack empathy and remorse. Treatments of this pseudoscientific disorder are called 'Attachment therapy'. In general, these therapies are aimed at adopted or fostered children with a view to creating attachment in these children to their new caregivers. The theoretical base is broadly a combination of and, accompanied by parenting methods which emphasize and parental control. There is considerable criticism of this form of treatment and diagnosis as it is largely unvalidated and has developed outside the scientific mainstream. There is little or no and techniques vary from non-coercive work to more extreme forms of physical, confrontational and coercive techniques, of which the best known are,, and the. These forms of the therapy may well involve physical restraint, the deliberate provocation of rage and anger in the child by physical and verbal means including deep tissue massage, aversive tickling, enforced eye contact and verbal confrontation, and being pushed to revisit earlier trauma. Critics maintain that these therapies are not within the attachment paradigm, are potentially abusive, and are to attachment theory. The Taskforce Report of 2006 notes that many of these therapies concentrate on changing the child rather than the caregiver. Children may be described as 'RADs', 'Radkids' or 'Radishes' and dire predictions may be made as to their supposedly violent futures if they are not treated with attachment therapy. The Mayo Clinic, a well known U.S. Non-profit medical practice and medical research group, cautions against consulting with mental health providers who promote these types of methods and offer evidence to support their techniques; to date, this evidence base is not published within reputable medical or mental health journals. Prognosis [ ] The AACAP guidelines state that children with reactive attachment disorder are presumed to have grossly disturbed internal models for relating to others. However, the course of RAD is not well studied and there have been few efforts to examine symptom patterns over time. The few existing (dealing with developmental change with age over a period of time) involve only children from poorly run Eastern European institutions. Findings from the studies of children from Eastern European orphanages indicate that persistence of the inhibited pattern of RAD is rare in children adopted out of institutions into normative care-giving environments. However, there is a close association between duration of deprivation and severity of attachment disorder behaviors. The quality of attachments that these children form with subsequent care-givers may be compromised, but they probably no longer meet criteria for inhibited RAD. The same group of studies suggests that a minority of adopted, institutionalized children exhibit persistent indiscriminate sociability even after more normative caregiving environments are provided. Indiscriminate sociability may persist for years, even among children who subsequently exhibit preferred attachment to their new caregivers. Some exhibit and attention problems as well as difficulties in peer relationships. In the only longitudinal study that has followed children with indiscriminate behavior into adolescence, these children were significantly more likely to exhibit poor peer relationships. Studies of children who were reared in institutions have suggested that they are inattentive and overactive, no matter what quality of care they received. In one investigation, some institution-reared boys were reported to be inattentive, overactive, and markedly unselective in their social relationships, while girls, foster-reared children, and some institution-reared children were not. It is not yet clear whether these behaviors should be considered as part of disordered attachment. There is one case study on maltreated twins published in 1999 with a follow-up in 2006. This study assessed the twins between the ages of 19 and 36 months, during which time they suffered multiple moves and placements. The paper explores the similarities, differences and comorbidity of RAD, disorganized attachment and post traumatic stress disorder. The girl showed signs of the inhibited form of RAD while the boy showed signs of the indiscriminate form. It was noted that the diagnosis of RAD ameliorated with better care but symptoms of post traumatic stress disorder and signs of disorganized attachment came and went as the infants progressed through multiple placement changes. At age three, some lasting relationship disturbance was evident. In the follow-up case study when the twins were aged three and eight years, the lack of longitudinal research on maltreated as opposed to institutionalized children was again highlighted. The girl's symptoms of disorganized attachment had developed into controlling behaviors—a well-documented outcome. The boy still exhibited self-endangering behaviors, not within RAD criteria but possibly within 'secure base distortion', (where the child has a preferred familiar caregiver, but the relationship is such that the child cannot use the adult for safety while gradually exploring the environment). At age eight the children were assessed with a variety of measures including those designed to access representational systems, or the child's 'internal working models'. The twins' symptoms were indicative of different trajectories. The girl showed externalizing symptoms (particularly deceit), contradictory reports of current functioning, chaotic personal narratives, struggles with friendships, and emotional disengagement with her caregiver, resulting in a clinical picture described as 'quite concerning'. The boy still evidenced self-endangering behaviors as well as avoidance in relationships and emotional expression, separation anxiety and impulsivity and attention difficulties. It was apparent that life stressors had impacted each child differently. The used were considered helpful in tracking how early attachment disruption is associated with later expectations about relationships. One paper using questionnaires found that children aged three to six, diagnosed with RAD, scored lower on empathy but higher on (regulating your behavior to 'look good'). These differences were especially pronounced based on ratings by parents, and suggested that children with RAD may systematically report their personality traits in overly positive ways. Their scores also indicated considerably more behavioral problems than scores of the control children. Epidemiology [ ] Epidemiological data are limited, but reactive attachment disorder appears to be very uncommon. The of RAD is unclear but it is probably quite rare, other than in populations of children being reared in the most extreme, deprived settings such as some orphanages. There is little systematically gathered information on RAD. A cohort study of 211 Copenhagen children to the age of 18 months found a prevalence of 0.9%. Attachment disorders tend to occur in a definable set of contexts such as within some types of institutions, in the presence of repeated changes of primary caregiver or of extremely neglectful identifiable primary caregivers who show persistent disregard for the child's basic attachment needs, but not all children raised in these conditions develop an attachment disorder. Studies undertaken on children from Eastern European orphanages from the mid-1990s showed significantly higher levels of both forms of RAD and of insecure patterns of attachment in the institutionalized children, regardless of how long they had been there. It would appear that children in institutions like these are unable to form selective attachments to their caregivers. The difference between the institutionalized children and the control group had lessened in the follow-up study three years later, although the institutionalized children continued to show significantly higher levels of indiscriminate friendliness. However, even among children raised in the most deprived institutional conditions the majority did not show symptoms of this disorder. A 2002 study of children in residential nurseries in Bucharest, in which the DAI was used, challenged the current DSM and ICD conceptualizations of disordered attachment and showed that inhibited and disinhibited disorders could coexist in the same child. There are two studies on the incidence of RAD relating to high risk and maltreated children in the U.S. Both used ICD, DSM and the DAI. The first, in 2004, reported that children from the maltreatment sample were significantly more likely to meet criteria for one or more attachment disorders than children from the other groups, however this was mainly the proposed new classification of disrupted attachment disorder rather than the DSM or ICD classified RAD or DAD. The second study, also in 2004, attempted to ascertain the prevalence of RAD and whether it could be reliably identified in maltreated rather than neglected toddlers. Of the 94 maltreated toddlers in foster care, 35% were identified as having ICD RAD and 22% as having ICD DAD, and 38% fulfilled the DSM criteria for RAD. This study found that RAD could be reliably identified and also that the inhibited and disinhibited forms were not independent. However, there are some methodological concerns with this study. A number of the children identified as fulfilling the criteria for RAD did in fact have a preferred attachment figure. It has been suggested by some within the field of attachment therapy that RAD may be quite prevalent because severe child maltreatment, which is known to increase risk for RAD, is prevalent and because children who are severely abused may exhibit behaviors similar to RAD behaviors. The APSAC Taskforce consider this inference to be flawed and questionable. Severely abused children may exhibit similar behaviors to RAD behaviors but there are several far more common and demonstrably treatable diagnoses which may better account for these difficulties. Further, many children experience severe maltreatment and do not develop clinical disorders. Is a common and normal human characteristic. RAD does not underlie all or even most of the behavioral and emotional problems seen in,, or children who are maltreated and rates of child abuse and/or neglect or problem behaviors are not a benchmark for estimates of RAD. There are few data on comorbid conditions, but there are some conditions that arise in the same circumstances in which RAD arises, such as institutionalization or maltreatment. These are principally developmental delays and language disorders associated with neglect. Conduct disorders, oppositional defiant disorder, anxiety disorders, post-traumatic stress disorder and social phobia share many symptoms and are often comorbid with or confused with RAD. Attachment disorder behaviors amongst institutionalized children are correlated with attentional and conduct problems and cognitive levels but nonetheless appear to index a distinct set of symptoms and behaviors. Main articles: and Reactive attachment disorder first made its appearance in standard of psychological disorders in DSM-III, 1980, following an accumulation of evidence on institutionalized children. The criteria included a requirement of onset before the age of 8 months and was equated with. Both these features were dropped in DSM-III-R, 1987. Instead, onset was changed to being within the first 5 years of life and the disorder itself was divided into two subcategories, inhibited and disinhibited. These changes resulted from further research on maltreated and institutionalized children and remain in the current version, DSM-IV, 1994, and its 2000 text revision, DSM-IV-TR, as well as in ICD-10, 1992. Both nosologies focus on young children who are not merely at increased risk for subsequent disorders but are already exhibiting clinical disturbance. The broad theoretical framework for current versions of RAD is, based on work conducted from the 1940s to the 1980s by, and. Attachment theory is a framework that employs, and concepts to explain social behaviors typical of young children. Attachment theory focuses on the tendency of infants or children to seek proximity to a particular attachment figure (familiar caregiver), in situations of alarm or distress, behavior which appears to have survival value. This is known as a discriminatory or selective attachment. Subsequently, the child begins to use the caregiver as a base of security from which to explore the environment, returning periodically to the familiar person. Attachment is not the same as love and/or affection although they are often associated. Attachment and attachment tend to develop between the ages of six months and three years. Who are sensitive and responsive in social interactions with the infant, and who remain as consistent caregivers for some time. Caregiver responses lead to the development of patterns of attachment, that in turn lead to internal working models which will guide the individual's feelings, thoughts, and expectations in later relationships. For a diagnosis of reactive attachment disorder, the child's history and atypical social behavior must suggest the absence of formation of a discriminatory or selective attachment. The pathological absence of a discriminatory or selective attachment needs to be differentiated from the existence of attachments with either typical or somewhat atypical behavior patterns, known as styles or patterns. There are four attachment ascertained and used within developmental attachment research. These are known as secure, anxious-ambivalent, anxious-avoidant, (all organized) and disorganized. The latter three are characterised as insecure. These are assessed using the, designed to assess the quality of attachments rather than whether an attachment exists at all. A securely attached toddler will explore freely while the caregiver is present, engage with strangers, be visibly upset when the caregiver departs, and happy to see the caregiver return. The anxious-ambivalent toddler is anxious of exploration, extremely distressed when the caregiver departs but ambivalent when the caregiver returns. The anxious-avoidant toddler will not explore much, avoid or ignore the parent—showing little emotion when the parent departs or returns—and treat strangers much the same as caregivers with little emotional range shown. The disorganized/disoriented toddler shows a lack of a coherent style or pattern for coping. Evidence suggests this occurs when the caregiving figure is also an object of fear, thus putting the child in an irresolvable situation regarding approach and avoidance. On reunion with the caregiver, these children can look dazed or frightened, freezing in place, backing toward the caregiver or approaching with head sharply averted, or showing other behaviors implying fear of the person who is being sought. It is thought to represent a breakdown of an inchoate attachment strategy and it appears to affect the capacity to regulate emotions. Although there are a wide range of attachment difficulties within the styles which may result in emotional disturbance and increase the risk of later psychopathologies, particularly the disorganized style, none of the styles constitute a disorder in themselves and none equate to criteria for RAD as such. A in the sense is a condition requiring treatment, as opposed to risk factors for subsequent disorders. Reactive attachment disorder denotes a lack of typical attachment behaviors rather than an attachment style, however problematic that style may be, in that there is an unusual lack of discrimination between familiar and unfamiliar people in both forms of the disorder. Such discrimination does exist as a feature of the social behavior of children with atypical attachment styles. Both DSM-IV and ICD-10 depict the disorder in terms of socially aberrant behavior in general rather than focusing more specifically on attachment behaviors as such. DSM-IV emphasizes a failure to initiate or respond to social interactions across a range of relationships and ICD-10 similarly focuses on contradictory or ambivalent social responses that extend across social situations. The relationship between patterns of attachment in the Strange Situation and RAD is not yet clear. There is a lack of consensus about the precise meaning of the term 'attachment disorder'. The term is frequently used both as an alternative to reactive attachment disorder and in discussions about different proposed classifications for disorders of attachment beyond the limitations of the ICD and DSM classifications. It is also used within the field of attachment therapy, as is the term reactive attachment disorder, to describe a range of problematic behaviors not within the ICD or DSM criteria or not related directly to attachment styles or difficulties at all. Research [ ] Research from the late 1990s indicated there were disorders of attachment not captured by DSM or ICD and showed that RAD could be diagnosed reliably without evidence of pathogenic care, thus illustrating some of the conceptual difficulties with the rigid structure of the current definition of RAD. Research published in 2004 showed that the disinhibited form can endure alongside structured attachment behavior (of any style) towards the child's permanent caregivers. Some authors have proposed a broader continuum of definitions of attachment disorders ranging from RAD through various attachment difficulties to the more problematic attachment styles. There is as yet no consensus, on this issue but a new set of practice parameters containing three categories of attachment disorder has been proposed by and N. The first of these is disorder of attachment, in which a young child has no preferred adult caregiver. The proposed category of disordered attachment is parallel to RAD in its inhibited and disinhibited forms, as defined in DSM and ICD. The second category is secure base distortion, where the child has a preferred familiar caregiver, but the relationship is such that the child cannot use the adult for safety while gradually exploring the environment. Such children may endanger themselves, cling to the adult, be excessively compliant, or show role reversals in which they care for or punish the adult. The third type is disrupted attachment. Disrupted attachment is not covered under ICD-10 and DSM criteria, and results from an abrupt separation or loss of a familiar caregiver to whom attachment has developed. This form of categorisation may demonstrate more clinical accuracy overall than the current DSM-IV-TR classification, but further research is required. The practice parameters would also provide the framework for a diagnostic protocol. Most recently, and Erica Willheim have shown a relationship between some maternal violence-related and secure base distortion (see above) which is characterized by child recklessness, separation anxiety, hypervigilance, and role-reversal. Some research indicates there may be a significant overlap between behaviors of the inhibited form of RAD or DAD and aspects of disorganized attachment where there is an identified attachment figure. An ongoing question is whether RAD should be thought of as a disorder of the child's personality or a distortion of the relationship between the child and a specific other person. It has been noted that as attachment disorders are by their very nature relational disorders, they do not fit comfortably into noslogies that characterize the disorder as centered on the person. Zeanah indicates that atypical attachment-related behaviors may occur with one caregiver but not with another. This is similar to the situation reported for attachment styles, in which a particular parent's frightened expression has been considered as possibly responsible for disorganized/disoriented reunion behavior during the Strange Situation Procedure. The draft of the proposed DSM-V suggests dividing RAD into two disorders, Reactive Attachment Disorder for the current inhibited form of RAD, and Disinhibited Social Engagement Disorder for what is currently the disinhibited form of RAD, with some alterations in the proposed DSM definition. See also [ ] • • • • Notes [ ]. • ^ DSM-IV-TR (2000) p. • DS, Willheim E (July 2009).. 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The APSAC Taskforce Report • Boris NW, Zeanah CH, Larrieu JA, Scheeringa MS, Heller SS (1 February 1998).. Am J Psychiatry. 155 (2): 295–97.. Retrieved 31 January 2008. • Boris NW, Zeanah CH (1999). 'Disturbance and disorders of attachment in infancy: An overview'. Infant Mental Health Journal. • Zeanah CH (2000). 'Disturbances and disorders of attachment in early childhood'. In Zeanah CH (Ed.) Handbook of infant mental health (2nd ed.) pp. New York: Guilford Press. • Schechter DS, Willheim E (2009). Disturbances of attachment and parental psychopathology in early childhood. Infant and Early Childhood Mental Health Issue. Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Clinics of North America, 18(3), 665–687. • Greenberg MT (1999). Attachment and Psychopathology in Childhood. In Cassidy J and Shaver PR (Eds.) Handbook of Attachment: Theory, Research and Clinical Applications. Guilford Press • Main M, Hesse E (1990) 'Parents' unresolved traumatic experiences are related to infants' insecure-disorganized/disoriented attachment status: Is frightened or frightening behavior the linking mechanism?' In Greenberg M, Cicchetti D and Cummings E (Eds.) Attachment in the preschool years: Theory, research and intervention, pp. 161–182 Chicago: University of Chicago Press.. • DSM-V Proposed Draft.. American Psychiatric Association. References [ ]. • American Psychiatric Association (1994). DSM-IV-TR: Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. Text Revision Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association. • [1969] (1997). Attachment and Loss: Attachment Vol 1 (Attachment and Loss). Pimlico; New Ed edition • Bowlby J (1973). Attachment and Loss: Separation — Anxiety and Anger v. 2 (International Psycho-Analysis Library). London: Hogarth Press. • Bowlby J (1980). Attachment and Loss: Loss — Sadness and Depression v. 3 (International Psycho-Analysis Library). London: Hogarth Press. • Chaffin M, Hanson R, Saunders BE, et al. 'Report of the APSAC task force on attachment therapy, reactive attachment disorder, and attachment problems'. Child Maltreat. 11 (1): 76–89... • Mercer J (2006). Understanding Attachment: Parenting, child care and emotional development. Westport, CT: Praeger. • Prior V, Glaser D (2006). Understanding Attachment and Attachment Disorders. Theory, Evidence and Practice. Child and Adolescent Mental Health series, RCPRTU, Jessica Kingsley Publishers. (pbk) Further reading [ ] • Zeanah, Charles H.; Chesher, Tessa; Boris, Neil W.; AACAP Committee on Quality Issues (November 2016).. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry. 55 (11): 990–1003.:.. ![]() The designer has inked an agreement with Gruppo Lodha, a leading Indian real estate developer, for a development in an upscale area in the heart of Mumbai. And there is a way which would let you use those backup files to restore things. 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Dzi_, monitorowanie bezpiecze_stwa 24H jest pierwszym krokiem w ka_dym planu bezpiecze_stwa za_ wi_ksza cz___ firm monitorowania alarm xF3w wykonywa_ state-of- the-art udogodnienia, _eby dogadza_ klientom alarmowych na _wiecie. Podczas podczas gdy niekt xF3re firmy monitorowania alarm xF3w pobieraj_ ogromnych sum wewn_trz _wiadczone us_ugi monitorowania bezpiecze_stwa, inne s_ do__ przyst_pnej. :: 29/Mar.2014 [Sat] 2:30: poJIrO6k: Program _ledzenia Widownia ma niezmiernie nietradycyjny na skro_ dziesi_ciolecia. Co zacz__o si_ od chwili gdy wykorzystuj_c tak jak r_czne procedury wytwarzania osobisty Chronos -in zosta_ udoskonalony a_ do urz_dzenia karty czasu tego znaczkiczas przyjazdu natomiast wyjazdu spo_r xF3d pe_ni_. Ta innowacja technologiczna jest oraz roztropnie pozycji przestarza_e kiedy przegl_da ewolucj_ system xF3w monitorowania czasu a obecno_ci. Wad_ metody r_cznej albo system kart czasu jest to, _. :: 29/Mar.2014 [Sat] 4:17: poJIrO6k: Pobierz ci__y - Zdj_cie imagesfrom xA9 Dreamstime.com Prawdopodobnie b_dziesz doznawa_ wielu wahania nastroju, podczas gdy jest 39 tydzie_ ci__y, podczas gdy jeste_ jeszcze gotowa a_ do porodu. Zaparcia a awanturnica s_ dwaj popularne dolegliwo_ci w tym czasie. Picie wystarczaj_cej ilo_ci wody i jedzenia cokolwiek w kr xF3tkich odst_pach czasu zwalnia ci_ od chwili obu problem xF3w. Macica zaczyna zamawiaj_cych co spowalnia transfer utlenionej krwi a_ do _o_yska. Jest toproces zwyc. :: 29/Mar.2014 [Sat] 4:42: poJIrO6k: Nie jest tajemnic_, _e z_ych kredyt xF3w mo_e posiada_ donios_o__ na zr_czno__ a_ do utrzymania swoj_ integralno__ finansow_ tudzie_ dosta_ swoje marzenia. Z tego powodu monitorowanie raportu kredytowego jest wa_n_ cz__ci_ zarz_dzania finansami a pracuje w kierunku swoich cel xF3w finansowych. 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Bior_c pod uwag_, i_ nadzorowanie posta_ po__cze_ jest niezmiernie drogocenny, istotne jest, by doceni_ posta_ po__czenia oprogramowanie monitorowania okresowe oceny wp_ywu, jaki aplikacja monitorowania jako_ci zwi_zek ma na FCR natomiast CSAT za_ non stop. :: 01/Apr.2014 [Tue] 10:05: bFaoxKuM: Chocia_ CPT 2011 nie przypuszczalnie podmieni_ swoje stare kody monitorowania uk_adu kr__enia na nowe, nie wypada pomija_ zmian a_ do tej sekcji. Jednym spo_r xF3d cel xF3w zmiany kod xF3w tudzie_ towarzysz_cych wytycznych by_o odzwierciedla_ now_ technologi_, ze wzgl_du z jakiej przyczyny dok_adne raportowanie us_ug _atwiejsze. 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